PSYC 103 Study Guide for Exam 3 F23

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PSYC 103: Professor Galuska: Study Guide Exam 3 1 PSYC 103: Study Guide for Exam 3 Exam Date: Wednesday, November 8 Chapters Covered: Chapters 6 (Sins of Memory only), 7, 10, 11 Construction: The exam will be constructed identically to Exam 2. There will be 50 multiple choice questions, at 2 points per question. Sins of Memory (Chapter 6 – some of these are repeated from Exam 2) 1. To what does the term transience refer? 2. What is the difference between retroactive and proactive interference? Give an example of each. 3. Describe the shape of Ebbinghaus’s famous forgetting function. Does most forgetting occur relatively soon or a long time after memorizing information? 4. Absentmindedness often is attributed to _____. 5. Define source memory and memory misattribution. 6. Review Loftus’s work on suggestibility and the construction of false memories. In particular, describe the basic methods and results of her “lost in the mall” study. Alternatively, you could describe the basic methods and results of the hot air balloon study that was shown in class because it makes the same point. 7. Define and provide an example of memory bias. 8. What is a flashbulb memory? What memory sin is it most associated with? What part of the brain is involved in the formation of flashbulb memories? 9. You should be able to classify real-world examples in terms of the seven memory sins. Learning (Chapter 7) 10. Define and provide an example of habituation and sensitization. 11. With respect to classical conditioning, what do the terms US, CS, UR, and CR stand for? You should be able to describe Pavlov’s procedure and identify the US, CS, UR, and CR. 12. On the exam there will be other questions where you will be given examples of classical conditioning, and you will have to identify the US, UR, CS, and CR. The in-class exercise should be reviewed. Here are a few you should also know: 1. Be very familiar with John Watson’s conditioned fear experiment on Little Albert. Again, you should be able to identify the US, CS, UR, and CR. 2. Describe how a taste aversion might develop through classical conditioning. Identify the CS, US, UR, and CR. 3. A person always smokes a cigarette after eating. Describe why a meal might trigger nicotine cravings in this person. Identify the US, CS, UR, and CR. 13. In general, when is the CS presented in relation to the US? (Before or after?) 14. How is extinction of a CR arranged? 15. Know the difference between generalization and discrimination . 16. Briefly describe Thorndike’s experiments using puzzle boxes. What does the Law of Effect state?

PSYC 103: Professor Galuska: Study Guide Exam 3 2 17. Which psychologist is best known for his research on operant conditioning (hint: Think rats pressing levers for food pellets.) 18. A good number of points will come from your ability to define and recognize new examples of the following: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment. 19. How is extinction of an operant response arranged? Compare this answer to #12. There is a big difference. 20. Describe how you would teach a pet a new trick using shaping by approximations . 21. What is the difference between a primary reinforcer and a conditioned reinforcer ? Give examples of both. 22. Define observational learning and briefly review the basic methods and results of Albert Bandura’s “Bobo doll study.” Development (Chapter 10) 23. Know the basic stages of prenatal development. 24. What is a teratogen ? Provide some examples. 25. What sense is least developed at birth? 26. Discuss schemas and the two processes underlying the formation of schemas: assimilation and accommodation . Illustrate assimilation and accommodation with an example. 27. Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development are critical. Memorize them in order. You also should know approximate age ranges and a few developmental milestones associated with each stage. 28. Describe how to test for the development of object permanence , understanding of the principle of conservation , and the development of theory of mind using the false-belief test . At what ages do children pass these tests? 29. Describe four different human infant attachment styles and how they are assessed in a laboratory with the primary caregiver. 30. With respect to Piaget’s views on the development of morality, briefly describe the shifts from realism to relativism, prescriptions to principles, and consequences to intentions. 31. Review Kohlberg’s stages of moral development. Be able to describe the three stages within the context of this example. Should a poor husband steal from a pharmacy to save his dying wife? 32. What is meant by the protraction of adolescence? Why is early puberty particularly difficult for girls? 33. Review the information on sexual orientation, and the role of biology and prenatal environment on sexual orientation. 34. Review the chart summarizing biological sex, gender, and sexual orientation. 35. Review the information on teenage sexuality. Does the majority of research show that abstinence-only programs work? 36. Our memory gets worse as we age, particularly working memory. With respect to long- term memory, some memories deteriorate faster than others. How does aging differentially affect semantic and episodic memory? Memory for positive versus negative emotional content?

PSYC 103: Professor Galuska: Study Guide Exam 3 3 37. How do the brains of older adults compensate for declining cognitive ability? Refer to the section of bilaterality in older and younger brains. 38. Is late adulthood a happy or unhappy time for most people? Chapter 11 (Personality) 39. Distinguish between a personality inve n tory and a projective personality test. 40. Describe two projective personality tests. What are some problems associated with the use of these tests? 41. Briefly describe Eysenck’s two-factor model of personality . If given an adjective describing personality, you should be able to place it in the appropriate quadrant of the two-dimensional space. 42. List and briefly describe (e.g., give the endpoints of each dimension) each of the Big 5 Personality dimensions. In order to answer this question, you will need to memorize the Big 5 dimensions. A number of questions will come from this material. 43. According to Freud, the unconscious mind is composed of the id, ego, and superego. Briefly describe these terms. Illustrate the conflict that arises in the unconscious mind – and how it is resolved - using an everyday example. 44. Briefly review Freud’s psychosexual stages of development . Describe some personality characteristics of someone stuck in the oral stage? Anal stage? 45. Describe the Oedipus complex that Freud thought occurs in the phallic stage for boys. 46. Give an example of each of the following defense mechanisms: repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, sublimation. While this will not be an essay, about four multiple choice questions will come from this material.

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