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1 Project Two Jennifer Zubeck Southern New Hampshire University PSY 222: Research Methods in Psychology Jennifer Lapin February 25, 2023

2 Project Two Research Study: The Motivated Use of Moral Principles 1. Analyze the introduction section of the research study in about 50 to 100 words. Include the following in your response: A. The title of the article B. The purpose of the study C. How the article’s introductory content is relevant and how it logically leads into the study The title of this research study is: The motivated use of moral principles. The purpose of the study is to demonstrate how people’s moral principles and judgements are influenced by motivational factors and that people are flexible in their approach to moral decision making (Uhlmann, et al., 2009). The introduction To the study is relevant because it gives the reader an idea about what the study is about and the reason behind the research study. 2. Analyze the method section of the research study in about 250 to 350 words. Include the following in your response: A. The study’s method and design B. The study’s primary hypothesis and claim C. How the method and design align with the primary hypothesis to reach a strong conclusion D. How the researchers made measurements and whether they were good choices for the conceptual variables E. How the researchers obtained participants, how many participants there were, and their characteristics F. The sampling characteristics (sample size, strategy, composition, etc.) as they relate to this study The paper is made up of multiple studies conducted to test various hypothesis. In the first study called a pre-test the researchers “sought to establish the features participants explicitly endorsed as morally relevant or irrelevant in regards to victims of harm” (Uhlmann, et al., 2009). The study used 238 students from the University of California, Irvine who were asked to answer ”yes” or “no” to whether specific features of a person should be morally relevant. From this initial pre-test the researchers determined that most people agreed that race and nationality were not morally relevant to consider and shouldn’t factor into judgements about the “appropriateness of consequentialism or deontology as a basis for making a moral judgement” (Uhlmann, et al., 2009). Based on this, the researchers designed several studies to test the overall hypothesis that people have flexible moral judgements and are influenced by social, cultural and political influences in their decision making (Uhlmann, et al., 2009). The overall hypothesis being

3 tested through all studies was the hypothesis of motivated reasoning with moral dilemmas. Study 1a used the well known Trolley dilemma but added in the variable of the race of both the intended sacrifice and the people in the trolley to test if race did or not play a part in moral judgements. This study used eighty eight undergraduate students from the University of California, Irvine and a between group design to test the hypothesis. Half the participants were given a scenario with the intended sacrifice had a white sounding name and was going to save 100 members of the Harlem Jazz Orchestra and the other half were given the scenario with the intended sacrifice had a black sounding name and would save 100 members of the New York Philharmonic. After answering several questions relating to the scenario, the partipants were then asked their political leanings (Uhlmann, et al., 2009). The results showed that people who reported being more liberal were more likely to endorse consequentalism when the victim had a stereotypical white name than when they had a stereotypical black name. Conservatives “did not give reliably different endorsements of consequentalism acros scenario versions” (Uhlmann, et al., 2009). The researchers then conducted several similar studies with college students with various style and changes to variables of the trolley study to see if there were any changes noted with responses and the political leanings of the students. They noted similar results across the studies. Of the similarly conducted studies, one of note is the study that looked at military action, specifically how people feel about collateral death of innocent civilians during military actions. In this study the researchers manipulated the “Trolley” scenario to be more modern and related to military action (Uhlmann, et al., 2009). In this study the researchers manipulated the nationality of the civilians and utilized political priming in another part of the study (Uhlmann, et al., 2009). In this study the participants were ninety two undergraduates from the University of California, Irvine. They were first presented with two scenarios with the civilian causalities in one being of Iraqi nationality and the other American (Uhlmann, et al., 2009). The researchers added priming into their study to determine if an individual’s moral leanings could be manipulated. The researchers separated the ninety two undergraduates from University of California, Irvine into two groups and primed one group with multiculturalism and the other with patriotism (Uhlmann, et al., 2009). The participants were given the same scenarios with the causalities either being American or Iraqi citizens and asked how they favored the loss of the lives for the greater good (Uhlmann, et al., 2009). 3. Analyze the results section of the research study in about 50 to 100 words. Include the following in your response: A. The “big idea” of the analysis (compare means, look for relationships, assess frequency, etc.) B. How the primary hypothesis was supported C. The analysis used for the primary hypothesis Th researchers conducting these studies determined that people do tend to make moral decisions that are in line with their political leanings. The study focused on presenting

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4 different moral dilemmas to people and the overall results show a relationship between the way a person makes morally based decisions and their political leanings. The study also concludes that people’s leanings are not fixed and will flex based on social and cultural influences. The researchers used linear regression to determine the relationship between consequentialism, deontology and political leanings. Using the results they were able to show that people have a flexible moral code. 4. Analyze the discussion section of the research study in about 150 to 200 words. Include the following in your response: A. The major findings B. The strengths and limitations described in the study C. The conclusions and whether they were supported by the method that the researchers used D. Whether the claims and inferences the researchers draw seem appropriate, given their findings E. How the study could be improved or extended in future research The major finding of the study was that “people flexibly endorse moral principles that support judgements consistent with their political inclinations” (Uhlmann, et al., 2009). The researchers noted that across all of their studies the way participants answered the moral dilemmas they were presented were consistent with their political leanings (Uhlmann, et al., 2009). The biggest limiatation in the study of moral judgement and reasoning is that there isn’t a way to determine whether the principals used in moral judgements are unbiased, though this study was able to show that moral judgement could be manipulated. The study relied on self reports from the participants that could have been influenced by social desirability bias. The other limitation is that only a small sample of college students were utilized and moral reasoning can be different based on the ages of the participants. These results could not re generalized to the entire population. The researchers claims that moral judgement can be influenced by social desires or motivations seems valid. The studies have shown that people do answer moral dilemmas differently based on their own political leanings, liberals particularly answered the dilemma questions in a way that could be perceived as socially biased with their thinking. The study could be expanded by utilizing different population samples such as those older or younger than college aged. This could show differences in moral judgement and decisions based on age. Researchers could expanded on the manipulation component by utilizing various methods to prime participants towards one way of moral thinking. There could be quite a bit of additional research and various avenues one could take in this general area of study. 5. Explain how the findings of this research study could apply to your personal or professional life in about 50 to 100 words.

5 The findings of this research study could apply to professional life as it opens up various avenues of continued research into the moral motivational drives of humans. This area already has some research related to it, but as the world changes moral judgements and reasonings do as well.

6 References Uhlmann, E. L, Pizarro, D. A, Tannenbaum, D., & Ditto, P. H. (2009). The motivated use of moral principles. SOC JUDGMENT & DECISION MAKING . Judgment and Decision Making , 4(6), 479-491. Retrieved from https://escholarship-org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/uc/item/9g60v0vq

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