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CHAPTER #01 Studying psychology is useful because it has practical and scientific applications. True false question. Who earned the majority (71%) of psychology doctorates in 2017? Women The study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems is called cognitive psychology. Which of the following is NOT a type of question a developmental psychologist would investigate? How does parent-infant bonding affect adult relationships? How do reasoning skills change as we age? What are the characteristics of prosocial behavior? Does age bring wisdom? PSYCHOLOGY is the scientific study of thought and behavior. What would a neuroscientist most likely be interested in when studying romantic relationships? Multiple choice question. Consistency of shared memories between partners Reason: A cognitive psychologist would likely be interested in consistency of shared memories. Physiological changes that occur when kissing The content of conversations between partners Reason: A social psychologist would likely be interested in content of conversations between partners. How one's relationship with his or her parents affects the choice of a romantic partner Reason: A developmental psychologist would likely be interested in the influence of parental relationships on romantic relationships. Psychology is a useful area to study because it is relevant to your life.

A CLINICAL psychologist might study how best to treat schizophrenia. In which of the following areas were more PhDs awarded in 2017? Psychology If you think you might have a psychological disorder such as bipolar disorder, you would likely see a CLINICAL psychologist. If you are having difficulty adjusting to a new school you would see a COUNSELING psychologist. COGNITIVE psychologists study how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems. A COUNSELING psychologist would most likely be interested in talking to a college student that is having issues adjusting to life changes such as going to college. DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY is defined as the study of how thought and behavior change and remain stable across the life span. HEALTH psychology examines the role of psychological processes in physical illness and well-being. Behavioral neuroscience is the study of how the brain and nervous system influence BEHAVIOR The study of how students learn, the effectiveness of particular teaching techniques, the social psychology of schools, and the psychology of teaching is called educational psychology. Clinical psychologists promote psychological health. research ways to treat mental disorders. Unlike clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists help people who are having difficulty adjusting to new circumstances. A counseling psychologist is most likely to help people adjust to new situations. Educational psychologists study more effective ways for teachers to teach and students to learn.

A psychologist studying the relationship between emotional trauma and heart disease is LIKELY a health psychologist. TRUE What is the branch of psychology that applies psychological concepts and questions to work settings and problems? Industrial/organizational Educational psychology is the study of how students learn, the effectiveness of particular teaching techniques, the social psychology of schools, and the psychology of teaching. Sports psychology is the study of psychological factors in exercise and sport. Unlike other psychologists, _____CLINICAL______ psychologists treat serious mental illness. In what culture do we find the foundations of psychology as a science? ancient Greece If you think you might have a psychological disorder such as bipolar disorder, you would likely see a CLINICAL psychologist. If you are having difficulty adjusting to a new school you would see a COUNSELING psychologist. Medicine men or women who treat the possessed by coaxing and driving out the demons with elaborate rituals, such as exorcisms, incantations, and prayers are called SHAMANS I am a psychologist who attempts to understand special populations of students such as the academically gifted and those with special needs. Who am I? Educational psychologist In Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries, people who were mentally ill were sent to asylums. Industrial/organizational psychology is the application of psychological concepts to work settings. Moral Treatment was an approach to treatment for mental illness that began in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries with a focus on care in a relaxing environment. SPORTS psychology is the study of psychological factors in sports and exercise.

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In what era do we find the origins of the modern science of psychology? CHAPTER #02 Rationalism is the view that. Using logic and reason is the way to understand how the world works. knowledge is derived from experience. Reason: No, this is empiricism. research should only be conducted on observable behaviors. Reason: No, this is behaviorism In which of the following ways can observation lead us astray? The way in which our brain organizes and processes information is different for each person. People tend to generalize and assume what they witnessed by observing one situation will be the same in similar situations. Our senses can be easily fooled, as by an optical illusion. Which of the following is NOT one of the three distinct "flavors" of science? Social Logical Physical Biological Scientific thinking is a set of cognitive skills that generates, tests and revises theories. A set of related assumptions from which testable predictions can be made is/are called a theory. Rationalism is the view that using logic and reason is the way to understand how the world works. The process of systematically acquiring knowledge and understanding through the use of theories and testing hypotheses is called the Scientific method Science relies on obsservation , but it can be misleading because our senses can be fooled.

If someone is using theories to develop hypotheses and then testing those hypotheses, that person is using the scientific method Which of the following are among the key characteristics of scientific thinking? Keep belief and evidence distinct. Evaluate the evidence. Try to disconfirm your idea once it has been confirmed. Make testable claims. A theory is a set of related assumptions from which testable predictions can be made. During the ____ prediction____ stage, researchers propose a hypothesis based in theory, and during the ____ observation___ stage, researchers monitor the behavior of their participants. How many processes are there in the scientific method? 6 Hypotheses are No, a theory is a broad explanation/prediction concerning phenomena of interest and a hypothesis is based on a theory. based on a theory. In which of the following ways can observation lead us astray? Pseudoscience studies claim to be scientific, but do not use the scientific method to arrive at their conclusions. The process of systematically acquiring knowledge and understanding through the use of theories and testing hypotheses is called the scientific method The DESIGN selected for how a research study will be set up depends upon the research question being asked. Thinking that involves cognitive skills to generate, test and revise theories in psychology is called scientific thinking. Case studies, naturalistic observation studies, and interviews are all examples of descriptive designs.

An hypothesis is a specific, informed, and testable prediction of the outcome of a particular set of conditions in a research design. pseudoscience consists of studies (sometimes covering an area of true scientific interest) that do not rely on the scientific method but claim to be scientific. When conducting a naturalistic observation, it is important that the researchers not change the situation that they are observing A researc h design is a plan for how to conduct a study. You watch people at the zoo to determine if men or women are more likely to scold their children. This is an example of which type of research? naturalistic observation Identify the types of descriptive designs: naturalistic observation, case study, and interview/survey Which of the following is an advantage of naturalistic observation? It gives researchers a look at behavior in the real world. An Interview is when a researcher lets people say what they want in responding to questions. Hypotheses can be tested. generally there is a theory first and then a hypothesis is generated in order to test the theory. The main advantage of qualitative research is that responses from participants can be open-ended and flexible Naturalistic observation When a group of people (called the sample) are asked to complete questionnaires about their thoughts, feelings and/or behaviors, researchers are conducting ____ survey _ research.

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A ______ representative____ sample is a research sample that accurately reflects the population of people one is studying. Reason: Random assignment is the method used to assign participants to different research conditions so that all participants have the same chance of being in any specific group Which of the following is an important difficulty of conducting survey research that can affect the quality of the conclusions that can be drawn? Finding a representative sample A(n) ____INTERVIEW__ is when a researcher lets people say what they want in responding to questions. Research that involves determining the association between two variables or two sets of variables is called CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH What is the main advantage of qualitative research? Responses from participants can be open-ended and flexible In which type of research are a group of people called the sample asked to complete questionnaires about their thoughts, feelings and/or behaviors? Survey research Which of the following are crucial characteristics of an experiment? Manipulated independent variable Random assignment of participants to conditions A representative sample is a research sample that accurately reflects the population of people one is studying. In an experiment, the independent variable is manipulated by the experimenter. Survey research is the preferred method for studying socially undesirable phenomena such as holding racist attitudes. False In an experiment, the dependent variable is measured, and the independent variable is manipulated. Correlational research involves gathering and comparing data on two or more variables.

In an experiment, the dependent variable is expected to change as a result of the experimental manipulation. The main advantage of research is that responses from participants can be open-ended and flexible. Random assignment is a procedure where participants are assigned to either the treatment or control group on the basis of chance, like the flip of a coin. which of the following are crucial characteristics of an experiment Random assignment of individuals to either an experimental group or a control group The ability to infer causation The experimental manipulation of the independent variable in an experiment, which variable is manipulated by the experimenter? Independent Which of the following would be a good means of random assignment? Flip a coin for each participant; heads for Condition 1, tails for Condition 2. Reason: People who schedule an appointment in the morning could be systematically different from those who prefer afternoon appointments. Therefore this is not a good method of random assignment. A psychologist designed an experiment to determine the effect of positive and negative emotion on health. In this experiment, emotion is a(n) independent variable, and health is a(n) dependent variable. In an experiment examining the effect of leptin on the hunger of rats, rats in the experimental group are given leptin shots and rats in the control group are given a shot of an inactive substance such as saline. In an experiment, which of the following best describes the dependent variable? It is the outcome or response to experimental manipulation. In an experiment, the group that receives no treatment is referred to as the control group.

Random assignment is a procedure for assigning participants in an experiment to either the treatment or control group on the basis of chance, like the flip of a coin. A placebo is a substance or treatment that appears identical to the actual treatment but lacks the active substance. You flip a coin. If heads comes up the next person is in the treatment group. If it comes up tails, the next person is assigned to the control group. You are using random assignment in an experiment. Single-blind studies are those in which participants do not know the experimental condition (group) to which they have been assigned. in an experiment, the [ experimental ] group is manipulated, while the [control ] is not. Longitudinal designs make observations of the same people over time. In an experiment, the group that receives no treatment is referred to as the ________ control__ group. Which of the following are types of similarity important for twin-adoption studies? environmental trait genetic Meta-analysis - is a research technique for combining the results of all the published and even unpublished results on one question and drawing a conclusion based on the entire set of studies on the topic. Unlike the treatment group, the control group might receive __a placebo__ in a study of the effect of a drug. Big Data consist(s) of the extremely large amount of information captured from online behaviors (especially social media), which are analyzed for patterns. In single -blind studies, participants do not know if they have been assigned to the experimental group or to the control group.

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Longitudinal Designs make observations of the same people over time. Measures are the tools and techniques used to assess thoughts or behaviors. TRUE Twin-adoption studies examine three different forms of similarity: genetic, environmental, and trait meta-analysis is a research technique for combining the results of all the published and even unpublished results on one question and drawing a conclusion based on the entire set of studies on the topic. self-reports are written or oral accounts of a person's thoughts, feelings, or actions. Behavioral measures are measures based on systematic observation of people's actions either in their normal environment (that is, naturalistic observation) or in a laboratory setting. Single-blind studies are those in which participants do not know the experimental condition (group) to which they have been assigned. Measures are the tools and techniques used to assess thoughts or behaviors. Brain activity, heart rate, sweating, electrodermal responses, blood pressure, and respiration are examples of what type of measure? Physiological Which of the following are types of similarity important for twin-adoption studies? genetic environmental trait Simply put, _______ ethics __________ are standards of right and wrong that guide all research measures are written or oral accounts of a person's thoughts, feelings, or actions. self-reports people's written or oral accounts of their thoughts, feelings, or actions (interviews or questionnaires) Leigh cuts and pastes a page from another student's dissertation paper she found online into the term paper she is writing for a class, and turns the work in as her own. Leigh has committed: plagiarism

No, falsification is changing, altering, or deleting data. No, fabrication is making up scientific results. Behavioral measures are based on systematic observation of people's actions either in their normal environment (that is, naturalistic observation) or in a laboratory setting. Justice is the guideline for research studies that states that benefits and costs must be distributed equally among participants. Animal researchers must obtain informed consent from their research subjects. FALSE animals cannot legally consent, so researchers emphasize humane treatment. Physiological measures are measures of bodily responses, such as blood pressure or heart rate, to help determine changes in psychological state. ETHICS are the rules governing the conduct of a person or group in general, or in a specific situation. Plagiarism is when someone presents words or ideas of other people as their own. Regarding respect for persons, who among the following would be of most concern to an ethical researcher? a child If informed consent is key to research conducted with humans, what is key to research conducted with animals? Humane treatment CHAPTER #03 Chromosome are coiled-up threads of DNA. Humans have ____ 23_ pairs of chromosomes. All the genetic information in DNA is known as the genome When psychologists try to understand how heredity affects behavior, they may turn to the field of BEHAVIORAL GENETICS

The human NERVOUS system, which is divided into two main parts, the central and the peripheral systems, controls all actions and automatic processes of the body. The nervous system is divided into 2 main parts called central nervous system and the periphereal nervous system.

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Humans have twenty-three pairs of Chromosome which are cellular structures that hold genetic information in threadlike strands of DNA. The central nervous system is the part of the nervous system that comprises the brain and spinal cord. All the genetic information in DNA is known as the genome the periphereal nervous system is the part of the nervous system that comprises all the nerve cells in the body outside the central nervous system. Which field of study examines the role of heredity and behavior? Behavioral genetics GLIAL cells of the central nervous system provide structural support, promote efficient communication between neurons, and scavenge cellular debris. The human nervous system, which is divided into two main parts, the central and the peripheral systems, controls all actions and automatic processes of the body. The function of glial cells is to: regulate neuronal transmission. produce myelin to insulate neurons. help remove cellular debris. Neurons are responsible for: receiving information. generating information. integrating information. The central nervous system is part of the nervous system that comprises the brain and spinal cord. The ____ periphereal _ nervous system is the part of the nervous system that comprises all the nerve cells in the body outside of the central nervous system. Reason: The correct answer is peripheral. The sympathetic system is part of the peripheral system, but the sympathetic system does not include all the nerve cells outside the CNS

Reason: The correct answer is peripheral. The parasympathetic system is part of the peripheral system, but the parasympathetic system does not include all the nerve cells outside the CNS. Neurotransmitters a re chemicals that transmit information between neurons. The glial cells are the cells of the central nervous system that provide structural support, promote efficient communication between neurons, and serve as scavengers, removing cellular debris. A cell body, dendrites, and an axon comprise a(n) neuron Glial cells hold neurons in place and provide them with nourishment. Neurons are cells that process and transmit information in the nervous system Reason: The glial cells are the cells of the central nervous system that provide structural support, promote efficient communication between neurons, and serve as scavengers, removing cellular debris. The soma is also called cell body The CENTRAL nervous system is the part of the nervous system that comprises the brain and spinal cord. The Axon is the long projection that extends from a neuron's soma that transmits electrical impulses toward the adjacent neuron. Neurotransmitter s are chemicals that transmit information between neurons. What part of the neuron conveys electrical impulses from its start to its end? Axon Terminal button Reason: The terminal button releases chemicals into the synapse. Dendrite Reason: The dendrite receives electrochemical information.

Cell body Reason: The cell body is where DNA is found; it manufactures neurotransmitters. Which of the following are major parts of a neuron? dendrites cell body axon Fingerlike projections from a neuron's soma that receive incoming messages from other neurons are called dendrites Glial cell abnormalities may play a role in the development of which of the following, according to research by Bernstein et al (2015)? schizophrenia. The myelin sheath insulates the axon. is a fatty substance. speeds up neural transmission. The myelin sheath covers axon , insulating them. An axon is he long projection that extends from a neuron's soma and transmits electrical impulses toward the adjacent neuron. The junction between an axon and the adjacent neuron, where information is transmitted from one neuron to another is called the synapse, synaptic gap, or synaptic cleft The axon carries electrical impulses called action potentials. A neurotransmitter is released from terminal buttons into the synapse What is the function of dendrites in a neuron? They receive incoming messages from other neurons. The little knob at the end of the axon that contains tiny sacs of neurotransmitters is called the terminal button The myelin sheath speeds the conduction of action potentials.

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The axon sends an electrical message to the terminal button, telling it to release neurotransmitters. Axons end in small bulges called terminal buttons. glial cell Reason: These cells support the neurons but do not store neurotransmitters. The dendrite receives chemical messages. The ____ terminal button _ stores a neurotransmitter until it is released. Synapse is the tiny gap between the axon terminal and the next neuron. A neurotransmitter is absorbed by receptor sites located on the dendrite, dendrites, or post synaptic membrane sensory neurons r eceive incoming sensory information from the sense organs (eye, ear, skin, tongue, nose). Nerve cells that carry commands for movement from the brain to the muscles of the body are called motor neurons Motor Neurons stimulate muscles to contract. The terminal button stores nerotransmitters until they are released in response to an action potential. Mirror neuron are active when we observe others performing an action as well as when we are performing the same action Nerve cells that receive incoming sensory information from the sense organs (eye, ear, skin, tongue, nose) are called: sensory neurons. Most interneurons connect neurons in one part of ___the brain__ with neurons in another part. Motor neurons carry commands for movement from the brain to the muscles of the body. Neurons fire because of the electrical impulse called a(n Action potential

What is the function of motor neurons? CHAPTER #04 The initial activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy is called sensation Perception: The act of organizing and interpreting sensory experience Weber's Law: this is the finding that the size of a just noticeable difference is a constant fraction of the intensity of the stimuli. The process by which our sensitivity diminishes when an object constantly stimulates our senses is called sensory adaptation Transduction is the conversion of physical information into neural information. As the foundation of the study of sensation, ___ psychophysics__ is the relationship between physical stimuli and the psychological experience of that stimuli. The process of taking information in through our senses is called sensation. The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and the brain is called Perception An absolute threshold is the: smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for the stimulus to be detected half of the time difference threshold: smallest level of added or reduced stimulation that can be detected as a change The process by which our sensitivity diminishes when an object constantly stimulates our senses is called: sensory adaptation. Imagine that six light intensities (150, 160, 170, 180, 190, and 200) are presented ten times each. Of these values, the participant detects the 180 value 50% of the time. Thus, 180 is the person's __ absolute ___ threshold for this light stimulus.

Transduction is the process of converting physical information into neural information. Some people tend to be more sensitive to sensory stimulation than others. True is the study of the relationship between physical stimuli and the psychological experience of the stimuli. It is the foundation of the study of sensation. Psychophysics is the study of the relationship between physical stimuli and the psychological experience of the stimuli. It is the foundation of the study of sensation. Sensation is the initial activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy. signal detection theory is the viewpoint that takes into account both stimulus intensity and the decision-making processes people use when saying whether they detect a stimulus. In ___ signal detection ___ research, a single, low-intensity stimulus is presented on some occasions and not on others. The smallest amount of salt that a person can reliably detect, dissolved into 8 ounces of water would be that person's absolute threshold for salty taste. What is the main difference between signal detection theory (SDT) and the classic method of absolute thresholds? In the classic method, a person's absolute threshold is assumed to be constant but in SDT, it is assumed to fluctuate. The absolute threshold is the smallest intensity of a stimulus that can be detected half of the time, whereas the difference threshold is the smallest change in intensity that can be detected. Psychophysics is the study of the relationship between physical stimuli and the psychological experience of the stimuli. It is the foundation of the study of sensation. The difference threshold is: the smallest amount of change between a stimuli that a person can detect at least 50% of the time.

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What theory is the viewpoint that takes into account both stimulus intensity and the decision-making processes people use when saying whether they detect a stimulus? signal detection theory In signal detection theory, a low-intensity stimulus is presented on some occasions but not other occasions. Weber's Law is the theory stating that size of a just noticeable difference is a constant fraction of the intensity of the stimulus. difference threshold is the smallest amount of change between two stimuli that a person can detect half the time. The difference threshold is also known as the just noticeable difference (JND) What principle of psychophysics is demonstrated here: If you are in a room with 60 lights, you cannot tell when one goes out; but when you are in a room with 6 lights you can tell when one goes out? Weber's law The theory stating that size of a just noticeable difference is a constant fraction of the intensity of the stimulus is known as Weber's law.

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