EAB 3794 FINAL

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Ball State University *

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Psychology

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Feb 20, 2024

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1. Which of the following is NOT a secondary effect of extinction? - Avoiding the punisher 2. How does one conduct a task analyses of a skill? - Make a sequential list of all the component steps of the skill. 3. Which statement describes extinction from the perspective of a behavior change tactic? - provides zero probability of reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior. 4. Christoph is teaching Sandie to make boxed macaroni and cheese. Christoph helps Sandie perform all steps of the task, except the last one: serve the macaroni and cheese on a plate. Christoph prompts this last step until Sandie can do it independently. Once Sandie has mastered serving the macaroni and cheese on a plate, Christoph helps Sandie preform all steps of the task, except stirring and serving the macaroni and cheese (the last two steps). Christoph is teaching Sandie via - Backward chaining 5. Which of the following are common misuses of the term extinction? (mark all that apply) - referring to any decrease in behavior - confusing forgetting and extinction - confusing noncontingent reinforcement and extinction 6. Sunil is teaching Matthew to do his laundry. Sunil has written a 36-step task analysis of the skill. He conducted an initial assessment to identify which steps Matthew could already do and discovered that Matthew is only able to independently open and close the lid of the washing machine. Based on this information, which statement is accurate? - All of the above

7. When thirsty, a toddler screamed until a sibling finally brought the toddler a drink. Which form of an extinction procedure would be the most appropriate to use in this circumstance? Extinction of behavior maintained by - Positive reinforcement 8. An adult with intellectual and developmental disabilities gets up frequently during the night to talk and check on awake overnight staff in the group home. When an extinction procedure is implemented and staff no longer talk with the individual during the night, the individual gets up even more frequently for the first three nights. This secondary effect of extinction is referred to as a/an - Extinction burst 9. An advantage of forward chaining is - it is easier to link smaller behavior chains together, forming the larger behavior chain necessary to perform a new skill. 10. What does the BCIS rely on? - participant's skills 11. An adult client with a traumatic brain injury held and rubbed the hands of other people while talking with them. Since this was causing social problems, an extinction program was implemented where others would not speak or make eye contact while the client held or rubbed their hands. In the initial stages of the intervention, the client began to forcefully hold and rub the hands of others and grab people by the face to try to get them to make eye contact. These behaviors represent which secondary effect(s) of extinction? - increased response magnitude, extinction-induced variability

12. Who used peer models and total-task chaining to teach skills such as operating an audiotape, sharpening a pencil, and using a calculator to three elementary-level students with disabilities who were enrolled in general education classrooms? - Werts, Caldwell, and Wolery 13. During an aerobics class, the instructor introduces the class to a new routine. He has everyone perform one step of the routine multiple times and asks, "Has everyone got it?" The students yell, "Yeah!" The instructor responds, "Adding on!" and shows the class another step. Once they have learned that step, the instructor has the class perform the first step, followed by the second step, and "adds on" again. The instructor repeats this process until the class is performing a long, complex routine at the end of the hour. The instructor's procedure exemplifies - forward chaining. 14. A child spent most of the classroom free time sitting on the floor rocking while waving a toy fan at eye level making the light coming from the window appear to "flicker". Which form of an extinction procedure would be the most appropriate to use in this circumstance? Extinction of behavior maintained by - automatic reinforcement 15. An extinction burst is the reoccurrence of a previously reinforced behavior when reinforcement for an alternative behavior is terminated. - False 16. An advantage of backward chaining is the learner - performs the final behavior that contacts the terminal reinforcer during every instructional trial.

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17. Which represents total-task chaining? - The trainer gives the learner an opportunity to complete the first step of the task (getting two slices of bread). If the learner performs the first step correctly, they move on to the next step. If the learner errors, the instructor prompts the response at the necessary level and moves on to the next step. This continues until the learner performs all steps in the chain. 18. An advantage of total-task chaining is: - the learner gets equal practice with every step of the behavior chain during every instructional trial. 19. When a student was given a work sheet in class, the child whined and crawled under the desk. The student remained under the desk until the teacher removed the work sheet and provided no other work. Which form of an extinction procedure would be the most appropriate to use in this circumstance? Extinction of behavior maintained by - Negative reinforcement 20. Which behavior is likely to have the greatest resistance to extinction? - Tantrums had allowed the child to obtain candy from grandparents periodically for the past year or so. 21. A swim coach gradually increases the amount of time swimmers must hold their breath under water before signaling them to come up. This is an example of - shaping within response topography 22. During initial training trials, how many models do practitioners use? - One 23. If progress breaks down while conducting imitation training, the practitioner should

- back up and move ahead slowly. 24. What can be shaped along any of its measurable and malleable dimensions? - Behavior 25. When learners do what the model does regardless of the behavior modeled without direct training, ____________ has been demonstrated. - Generalized imitation 26. A teacher was sitting with a student while they were eating their snack. The teacher rubbed their nose and sniffed. Within one second the student rubbed their nose and sniffed in the same way. Since the student's nose rubbing and sniffing was physically the same as the teacher's, they shared - formal similarity 27. In the simulation, The Shaping Game, by Shimoff and Catania, how many levels of difficulty are there? - Four 28. An antecedent stimulus that evokes the imitative behavior is - A model 29. Gretchen has been trying to teach Glen, a preschooler, to pull up his pants by himself via shaping. She began by delivering reinforcement for bending over and touching his waistband. Glen is now doing that consistently. Next, Gretchen targeted Glen pulling his pants up a little bit. However, Glen continues to simply touch his pants instead of pulling them up a bit. - Gretchen should add a prompt to pull up the pants to help make the shaping process more efficient.

30. Which is an example of shaping? Teaching someone to sign, "please" by - first reinforcing lifting the hand, then reinforcing lifting the hand to the chest, then reinforcing lifting the hand to the chest and moving it slightly, and finally - lifting the hand to the chest and moving it in a circular motion. 31. A handheld device that produces a clicking sound when a metal tab is pressed is called? - Clicker 32. What occurs when the model’s and the imitator’s behavior physically resemble each other and are in the same mode? - formal similarity 33. When nonreinforcement of a response class results in the learner engaging in a topographically different response we call this - extinction-induced variability 34. Teaching learners to do what the model does regardless of the behavior modeled is the major objective of what? - imitation training 35. Throughout the shaping process, the instructor provides reinforcement when the learner emits a response that is slightly different from others within the response class and places other response topographies on extinction until the learner emits another slightly different response. These slightly different responses exemplify - response differentiation. 36. What is a second-generation table-top shaping game, originally developed by canine trainer Kay Laurence and now extrapolated to human participants by Jose Rosales-Ruiz and his graduate students at the University of North Texas called?

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- PORTL 37. Prearranged demonstrations of behavior that show the learner exactly what to do, be it acquiring new skills or refining the topography of certain elements of existing skills, is called? - Planned models 40. A man is helping his son memorize a poem for class. The son must first correctly recite the first line from memory in order to receive his father's praise. Once the son can recite the first line without error, the father tells him to add on the next line of the poem. This process continues until the son can recite the entire poem by heart. This is an example of - shaping across response topographies 41. AARR involving any specific type of relation is called? - relational frame 42. Reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity are trained during equiveillance-based instruction. - False 43. What are two emergent manifestations of “sameness?" - symmetry and transitivity 44. Any derived bidirectional relation in which one “direction” has been directly learned, is an example of? - mutual entailment 45. What involves the position of a stimulus in reference to the learner or some other stimulus: above versus below, left versus right, in front of versus behind, and so on? - spatial relationships 46. What does (TARPA) stand for?

- training and Assessment of Relational Precursors and Abilities 47. Any derived relation involving stimuli that are “linked” via common associates, is called? - combinatorial entailment 48. A student is taught to select a quarter when the sample stimulus, $.25, is presented and to select $.25 when the sample stimulus is twenty-five pennies. Transitivity would be demonstrated when the sample stimulus is a quarter and they select - twenty-five pennies 49. When a person responds accurately to untrained and non-reinforced stimulus-stimulus relations following training on different stimulus-stimulus relations ________________ has been demonstrated. - stimulus equivalence 50. Derived stimulus relations protocols can be used to establish relations with? 51. Behaviorists, such as Sidman, who conducted the early experiments on stimulus equivalence were attempting to explain which phenomenon? - symbolic functioning 52. Which is the critical test for equivalence? - Transitivity 53. Observing responses are included in match-to-sample procedures to ensure attending to the - sample stimulus 54. Through equivalence-based instruction, a learner forms four classes of three visual stimuli each. If you teach them to tact one of those stimuli, you would expect each of the other stimuli in the class to evoke the same response.

- True 55. What involves the relative position of stimuli (or events) in time? - temporal relationships 56. A student is taught to select a quarter when the sample stimulus, $.25, is presented and to select $.25 when the sample stimulus is twenty-five pennies. Symmetry would be demonstrated when the sample stimulus is a quarter and they select - $.25 57. When training matching-to-sample, the minimum recommended number of comparison stimuli is two. - False 58. A student is taught to select a quarter when the sample stimulus, $.25, is presented and to select $.25 when the sample stimulus is twenty-five pennies. Reflexivity would be demonstrated when the sample stimulus is a quarter and they select - A quarter 59. Relational responding that experience does not directly teach, but that arises as an indirect function of experience, is called? - Emergent 60. When a learner can spontaneously treat two stimuli as interchangeable (“same”) because they are related indirectly through “sameness” with a common third stimulus, this is called? - Transitivity 61. When Andrew's father signed “car”, and then Andrew signed “car”, this is an example of?

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- Motor imitation 62. See “D-O-G,” then saying “dog”, is an example of? 63. A child's cry is the form of verbal response, why she cried would be the? - Function 64. Which of the following is/are role(s) that a listener plays in a verbal episode? The listener may - All of the above 65. The child is the speaker. Which example/s of the child's verbal behavior is/are tact(s)? (mark all that apply) - While walking through the sanctuary, the child saw a Bengal tiger and said, "big cat". 66. "The unit of verbal behavior can be described as an increased strength of a distinguishable topography given some specific controlling variable," is an example of? - topography-based (TB) verbal behavior 67. What makes up a verbal episode? -speaker and listener 68. When someone asks for a pen and you reach for a pen, this is an example of? - listener discriminations 69. In the very early stages of teaching a child to sign, the teacher would model a sign in the presence of the referent object and prompt the child as needed to replicate the sign. The child's sign is under the control of the teacher's sign. What type of verbal operant is the child's response? - echoic 70. In Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior, the meaning of words is classified based on their

- functions 71. Rosales-Ruiz and Baer (1997) termed significant human developmental changes? - behavioral cusps 72. How many years did it take Skinner to develop his analysis of language? - 26 years 73. Which type of verbal operant is controlled by verbal S D s? 74. A parent is working with their child on manding for toys. The child likes to feed a stuffed lamb with a baby bottle. The parent gives the child the lamb but not the baby bottle to motivate the child to mand for the bottle. This strategy involve - creating a CMO-T. 75. The child is the speaker. Which example/s of the child's verbal behavior is/are mand(s)? (mark all that apply) - While working on a project, a child asked the teacher, "How do you spell aardvark?" - The dog was barking loudly, and the child told the dog, "Stop it!". - The child told the toddler, "Don't touch that stove because it is hot". - After running in the hot sun, the child asked the nanny, "Can I have some water?" 76. "The unit of verbal behavior can be described as an increased control of the pointing [or selecting] response by a particular stimulus as a result of a different stimulus . . . or establishing operation", is an example of? - selection-based (SB) verbal behavior 77. Mands relations depend on - MOs and specific reinforcement 78. Michael (1982) termed these basic components of Skinner’s taxonomy?

- elementary verbal operants 79. Tact relations depend on - non-verbal S D s and generalized reinforcement 80. A behavior therapist working with a student asks the student to select the picture of an apple from a comparison array. This type of training procedure is an example of teaching - auditory conditional discriminations. 81. (SID) What does not distinguish between the two types of stimulus control on correct trials: selection of one comparison or rejection of the other? -recorded measure 82. (LH) Every child who experienced the small-group PLS program exhibited all target skills in over what percentage of the opportunities after teaching? - 80% 83. (SID) With what amount of comparisons would a related misconception arise if a subject were always to select the same comparison stimulus? - 2 84. (LH) Among other skills, children were taught what to access reinforcers commonly found to maintain problem behavior (access to teacher attention, teacher assistance, and preferred materials) and to tolerate conditions in which these reinforcers were delayed? - functional communication 85. (SID) Does requiring humans subjects to touch the sample key guarantee that they will observe the stimulus on the key? - no

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86. (LH) Children may learn acceptable social behavior in these situations, such as asking for a particular toy or for teacher assistance, and then waiting patiently for these events. What sort of situation is this? - evocative 87. (SID) What explosive feature has not been purposefully exploited in the teaching of second language vocabularies? - equivalence relations 88. (SID) An extension that seems obvious is the teaching of _______________, an extension whose utility has gone unnoticed within the education establishment. - simple vocabularies 89. (SID) With 100% correct on vertical trials and 50% recorded as correct on horizontal trials, what would the average score be? - 75% 90. (LH) A multiple-probe design across skills was used with each of the six children in the test group to determine the effects of what? - teaching on skill acquisition and problem behavior 91. teaching on skill acquisition and problem behavior - All three children were present 92. (SID) What considerations not only prove relevant to the evaluation of data in equivalence experiments but sometimes prove interesting in their own right, with extensions also to other research areas? - Methodological

93. (LH) We speculate that the free-play condition experienced by the children in the control group emulates preschool programs that primarily or exclusively rely on what type of strategies to address problem behavior? - antecedent based 94. (LH) One reason for teaching these particular social skills was to decrease the likelihood of - problem behavior 95. (SID) Are most, if not all, stimuli members of more than one class? - yes 96. (LH) What sort of praise was given to the child after emitting the promoted skill? - descriptive praise 97. (LH) How many video clips were shown to the stakeholders? - two clips 98. (SID) Who found that they could not easily get pigeons to do matching to sample unless he taught them first to peck the sample key to gain access to comparison stimuli? - skinner 99. (SID) The first phase of our experiment was to check whether our subjects could match what to picture comparisons?

- printed word samples 100. (LH) The presence of situations that evoke a child’s problem behavior as well as increased opportunities to observe the reinforcement of peers’ problem behavior may explain what in the problem behavior of children attending non parental center-based child care? - reported increases 101. An evocative effect refers to - an increase in the current frequency of behavior that has been associated with a particular consequence. 102. Which group of stimuli exemplify those making up an arbitrary stimulus class? - photographs of a banana, watermelon, strawberry, and pineapple, which all evoke the word "fruit" 103. An individual with disabilities was being taught to pour milk into a cup. Which of the following constitutes a response prompt? - The staff demonstrated pouring a small amount of milk into a cup and then set the milk carton in front of the individual. 104. The term motivating operation is roughly synonymous with (mark all that apply) - abolishing operation - setting event - establishing operation 105. You are driving in your car on a sunny clear day when the sun starts to shine in your eyes. You immediately reach for your sunglasses and put them on. In relation to putting on the sunglasses, the sun shining in your eyes is a - UMO 106. Which of the following is an example of stimulus shape transformation? - Taking a line drawing of a bed and slowly changing it into the letters b-e-d to help a child learn to read the word bed. 107. You are scrolling through a news app and stop to read an article that says flu season is here and it will be particularly bad this year. After reading the article, you immediately head out to buy a pack of disposable masks and

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some hand sanitizer. In relation to buying masks and hand sanitizer, the news article is - a CMO 108. A young child living on a farm is learning about cows. When the child sees a black and white Holstein cow, the child says "cow". When the child sees a brown Jersey cow, the child does not say cow. When the child sees a dalmatian dog, the child says "cow". This is an example of - faulty stimulus control. 109. A discriminative stimulus or S D is a stimulus in the presence of which a response will - be reinforced 110. Which of the following is a stimulus prompt? - After closing the lid, Mary turns the dial to the correct cycle by aligning two red arrows that had been painted on the washer and dial before the session. Mary successfully sets the dial to the correct setting without additional assistance. 111. Which must-have feature would need to be included in order for a fowl to be in the feature stimulus class of "duck"? - webbed feet 112. You are scrolling through a news app and stop to read an article that says flu season is here and it will be particularly bad this year. After reading the article, you immediately head out to buy a pack of disposable masks and some hand sanitizer. The particularly bad flu season has a - value altering establishing effect on having masks and hand sanitizer. 113. Your dog sits at the front door indicating he wants to go outside. You immediately begin looking for the dog's leash, so you can take him for a walk. In relation to looking for the leash, your dog sitting at the front door is a - CMO-T 114. You are scrolling through a news app and stop to read an article that says flu season is here and it will be particularly bad this year. After reading the article, you immediately head out to buy a pack of disposable masks and some hand sanitizer. Heading out to the store after reading the article exemplifies - an evocative behavior altering effect 115. Which of the following describe stimulus generalization? - A response occurs in the presence of a specific stimulus and in the presence of stimuli similar to the specific stimulus. 116. Operant stimulus control has been achieved when a response occurs - more frequently in the presence of a specific stimulus but rarely occurs in the absence of that stimulus. 117. Conditioned motivating operations have - value-altering effects that are a function of a learning history 118. An abative effect refers to - a decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been associated with a particular consequence.

119. When the amount of clothes in your dirty clothes hamper reaches a specific height, you wash clothes the next day. Otherwise, if the amount of dirty clothes gets too high, you have to wash more than one load, which requires spending several hours over the weekend at the crowded laundromat. In relation to washing the clothes, the dirty clothes going above a specific height in the hamper is a - CMO-R 120. Stimulus salience - (all of the above). 121. The procedure of observing and recording behavior during intervals or at specific moments in time is called - time sampling. 122. Which method facilitates data collection for interobserver agreement and treatment integrity? - permanent product 123. The client's behavior is evaluated by individuals who are likely to have contact with him to determine whether the change made during treatment is important. This is an example of what method? - Subjective Evaluation Method 124. A BCBA is interested in how often a student responds to a greeting from a peer. Which would be the most representative method of measurement? - percentage 125. If you are focusing on the volume at which a client speaks, which dimension of the behavior is of interest? - magnitude 126. What sort of data did Patterson and his colleagues use to assess the extent to which problem children deviated from their non problem peers? - Normative Data 127. Each of the following is a measurable dimensional quantity except - topography. 128. What have programs with adults used to validate treatment effects? - Subjective Evaluation Method 129. What criterion must applied research fulfill? - Therapeutic Criterion 130. Each of the following behaviors could be assessed using natural permanent product measurement EXCEPT - raising hand in class

131. What has research on social validation suggested to determine whether clinically important changes have been achieved? - Empirical Procedures 132. A teacher is interested in measuring the engagement of groups of students at certain times of the day. An appropriate measurement procedure for this would be - planned activity check 133. If you are interested in the amount of time it takes a student to begin a task after the teacher has given an instruction you would measure - latency 134. After behavior change has been demonstrated, global, subjective evaluations may indicate what sort of change in behavior? - Qualitative Change 135. The behavior of the client before and after treatment is compared with the behavior of "nondeviant" peers. This is an example of what method? - Social Comparison Method 136. What helps bridge experimentation and clinical work and research and practice? - Social Validation 137. Features of events that can be measured are called - dimensions 138. What was used by Kent and O'Leary (1976) to validate outpatient behavioral programs for conduct problem children at school and at home? - Normative Data and Subjective Evaluation 139. Permanent product measurement may be more accurate, complete, and continuous for all of the following reasons EXCEPT - the behavior definitions are more precise 140. Where have several studies using subjective evaluation of treatment effects been conducted? - achievement place

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EAB 3794 FINAL

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