PSY 530 5-2 Milestone 2

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PSY 530-X2229 Social Psychology 5-2 Final Project Milestone Two: Similarities and Differences Amber Brown Dr. Laura Green 01/05/24

The Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) by Philip Zimbardo in 1971 and the modern-day study on the Model Influence of Authoritarian Parenting, Extraversion Personality, and Conformity to Bullying both focus on the psychological aspects and affects of human behavior within a specific context. My paper is to show the similarities and differences between these two studies. In this paper we will examine their research questions, hypotheses, methodologies. Results and conclusions will determine how these studies relate or differ. The SPE is a classic study that experiments to understanding of psychological effects of authority and power in a simulated prison environment. This played a significant role in highlighting the impact of situational factors on human behavior. It geared more towards rapid and unexpected behavioral changes in the roles of both participants and guards. The modern study experimented the relationship between authoritarian parenting, extraversion personality, conformity, and bullying amongst middle school students. The influence of authoritarian parenting styles, personality traits, and social dynamics in an educational context. The study gives insight into the nature of bullying and its connections to familial and individual factors. Similarity In this section I will be explaining the similarities between the two studies. Social dynamics and the impact of human behavior was the main focus of both studies. The Stanford Prison Experiment focuses on the effects of power and authority in a simulated prison environment, while the modern study focused more on the relationship between authoritarian parenting, personality traits, conformity and bullying among students. Both studies, though held in different environments, show how human behavior tends to conform to one’s situation rather than stand out. Both studies showed the influence of authority figures. The Stanford study used guards in a simulated prison giving them authority leading to abusive behaviors. In modern study

it is showed authoritarian parenting is linked to bullying behavior, this highlighted the role of parental authority and how it shaped student conduct. Also, both studies observed psychological distress among participants. The Stanford participants, mainly the prisoners, experienced acute emotional distress and breakdowns because of the guards and the environment. The modern study showed how a lack of freedom at home can lead to emotional distress among students. Research Method The research method used in the Stanford Prison Experiment was an experimental research study. Experimental researchers manipulate one or more dependent variables to observe their effect on dependent variables while controlling other variables. The independent variables were the participants that were assigned the role of either guard or prisoner. The dependent variables were the researchers that recorded and documented the behaviors, attitudes and interactions of the participants. The experimental control was Zimbardo and his team as they controlled various aspects of the experiment like the rules, roles of the participants and the environment, In the modern study correlation research method was used. Correlation research is used when examining the association between variables without manipulating them. Data was collected by using a psychological scale which consisted of scales for bullying, authoritarianism, extraversion personality, and conformity. This used quantitative data to assess the relationship between these variables. A significant positive correlation described the relationship between all variables in the modern study. Reliability and Validity The Stanford Prison Experiment did not use traditional psychological measures in order to establish reliability and validity because it was not designed as a typical research study. The

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SPE main focus was to observe behaviors of participants in specific roles to see if they conformed to the roles in which they were supposed to be in. The SPE provided insight on situational factors about human behavior, but it faced severe ethical concerns like lack of informed consent, induced psychological distress, and the fine line between boundaries between the roles of researchers and participants. The modern study the testing research instruments for reliability were composite reliability and Cronbach alpha the values were >0.7 for composite reliability and>0.6 for Cronbach alpha which are both considered acceptable. The results for reliability concluded that bullying, authoritarian parenting, extraversion personality and conformity all met requirements the proved the study was reliable. Validity used outer model Convergent Validity with a loading fact >0.4, Average Variance Extracted (AVE) > 0.5 and Discriminant Validity used AVE Root Correlation. The results of validity showed that all variables meet the validity requirements for Convergent and Discriminant Validity. The modern study demonstrated a thorough evaluation of reliability and validity using standard measures and criteria. This study assessed the measurement model and structural model which ensured the accuracy of the proposed research. Differences The differences of the studies start with the context and setting The SPE used a simulated prison environment which involved college students acting as guards and prisoners. The modern study took place in a middle school and its main focus was on the influence of parenting, personality traits, and conformity in context of bullying. Then there was the time period the SPE was held in 1971 and the modern study was done in 2021. The time period shows the changes in societal norms, educational environments, and parenting styles. Even though both studies investigated authority and power, The SPE was more focused on role playing in a controlled

environment. The modern study took a dive into parenting styles, personality traits and conformity which provided insight on the nature of bullying. Results/Conclusion The results/conclusion of the SPE were participants of the study quickly adapted to the roles in which they were given and the transition of this happened faster than predicted which suggested a powerful influence on situational factors and authoritative behavior. The guard conformed to their roles and displayed abusive behaviors towards prisoners physically and psychologically. This showed how if you were put into power, you lose your moral compass. The participants that acted as prisoners conformed to their environment causing severe emotional distress and mental breakdown leading to the early termination of the study. Prisoners became timid and passive which showed the impact of conformity in social roles on individual behavior. The prisoners also confused reality with illusion believing they were in a real prison. The study was ended after six days due to the emotional distress and abusive behaviors the participants displayed. The results/ conclusion of the modern study was that the study showed a positive effect of authoritative parenting on bullying habits among students. This showed that students who had parents that displayed forceful parenting styles and characteristics were more likely to engage in bullying. There also was a positive correlation between extraversion personality and bullying. Outgoing and assertive students were more likely to engage in bullying as a way to increase social status. There also was a positive correlation between conformity and bullying. This suggested that peer pressure and the need to fit in or conform was associated with children engaging in negative behaviors in order to gain attention. The study concluded that authoritarian parenting has a significant influence on bullying. Students who have a lack of freedom and

control at home display negative actions in a school setting. The study also concluded that extraversion personalities were more prone to engage in bullying behaviors as a way to show dominance. These results lead to the conclusion that conformity driven by peer pressure and the need to fit in contributed to bullying. Ethical Concerns The Stanford Prison Experiment displayed several ethical concerns such as informed consent participants were not fully aware of the nature or potential psychological harm the experiment may have caused before agreeing to participate. The deception of the experiment was also unethical as participants did not know they would be publicly humiliated by being arrested, blindfolded and taken to a prison. One big ethical concern was psychological harm. Our job is to do no harm, but this study caused severe psychological distress among participants which in return harmed their well-being emotionally and mentally. Participants were also not informed that they had the right to withdraw from the experiment at anytime without consequence. Zimbardo acting as superintendent of the prison was also unethical as he became more ingulfed into his role instead of being the researcher and observer. The modern study presented no ethical concerns or consideration as it followed all ethical guidelines.

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References Bouchard, D. (2019). The Stanford Prison Experiment’s Torture Hermeneutics: Difference and Morality in the US University, 1968 to 9/11. Journal of American Studies: JAS , 53 (2), 401–427. https://doi- org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/10.1017/S0021875817001396 Muhopilah, P., Tentama, F., & Yuzarion. (2021). The Model Influence of Authoritarian Parenting, Extraversion Personality, and Conformity to Bullying among Students. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education , 10 (2), 483–493.

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