EPSY-Chapter Application #6 Learning Language

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Texas A&M University *

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Psychology

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Feb 20, 2024

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1. Describe the rules children follow to learn new words a. When a child is presented with a word for an object that is unfamiliar to them, but this object is in the presence of other objects that the child is familiar with, the child will assume that the unfamiliar object should be paired with the unfamiliar word. b. When given a name, the child will infer that the name applies to the whole object, not its parts or its relation to other objects. Example: The word dog refers to the entire animal, not just its legs or ears. c. If a familiar object already has a name and the child is presented with another name for that object, the child will assume that the new name is a subcategory for the object. Example: A Pitbull is a subcategory for dogs. d. Given a group of objects that are similar or within the same category, a child will recognize that if a word is applied consistently to only one of the objects, the word is a proper noun for that object. Example: If the dog is consistently called Lucky, the child will recognize that Lucky is its name. 2. Describe the conditions which foster or help children to learn new words. a. Parents and adults play a large role in helping children to learn new words. For example, children learn to expand their vocabulary by hearing others speak. In other words, the more frequently parents speak to their children, the more rapidly children learn words. Parents can also help children learn by labeling objects that are the focus of a child’s attention . In addition to this, reading to a child has significant benefits for learning new words. Furthermore, how the parent reads the book influences learning as well. Description of pictures and asking children questions are effective ways to help them expand their vocabulary. It is also important for parents to use sophisticated vocabulary when around their children. This exposes children to an advanced vocabulary that they can learn from. Lastly, videos and television can influence how children learn new words. Some programs help with learning new words, especially those that tell a story and ask direct questions of the viewer. However, shows such as cartoons have no benefit for language learning.

Furthermore, TV programs for children only become effective if a child has a solid understanding of the relationship between real objects and their depictions in photographs and videos. Without this, children may not be able to apply what they see in a video to objects and actions in real life. 3. Describe the two different Word Learning Styles. a. Referential Style – a child with a referential style will have a vocabulary that consists mainly of words that name objects, persons, or actions. They use language primarily as an intellectual tool in order to learn and talk about objects. b. Expressive Style – a child with an expressive style will have a vocabulary that includes some names but many ‘social phrases’ that can be used like a single word ( e.g., “I want it.”). They will use language as more of a social tool to enhance interactions with others. 4. Give specific examples of these two different Word Learning Styles that you have heard when listening to your friends or roommates. a. Many of my friends have a mixture of referential and expressive learning styles, but there are some that exhibit a stronger style over the other. For example, my roommate is an education major. She is an extrovert who is charismatic and easy to get along with. She is very sociable, and conversations flow naturally for her. This exhibits the expressive style as her vocabulary tends to lean more toward the social side and helps her enhance her interactions with others. An example of something that would show her expressive style includes “How are you feeling after your busy and stressful week of school and events?” For the referential style, one of my friends is an engineering major and likes to keep to herself a lot. She is very much an introvert and very intelligent. She seems to lack a certain social element within her conversation skills and usually only talks about school. This exhibits the referential style because her vocabulary tends to lean more towards the intellectual side and less towards the social side. An example of something that would show her referential style includes “What did you get on the test? Was it hard? How did you study for that quiz?”

5. What role do parents play in a child’s word learning? a. Parents play a huge role in a child’s word learning. Children expand their vocabularies when they listen to their parents speak, especially when the parent’s vocabulary is sophisticated, and they are exposed to it often. Children will also learn when parents take an active role in their child’s learning and label objects that are the focus of their child’s attention. In this way, they can introduce new words into the child’s vocabulary. In addition to this, parents can expose them to new words by reading to them, asking them questions about the book, and describing pictures. Furthermore, parents can watch TV with their children and, assuming that the program is one that can benefit learning, a parent can help the child understand parts of the show or even help answer some of the questions that the TV program has directed at the viewer. All of this will help a child absorb new words and their meanings, effectively expanding their vocabulary. When a parent takes an active role in the expansion of their child’s vocabulary, the child automatically gains an advantage over those who do not have the same support of interaction with their parents.

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