Adolescence - Dec. 24 @ 7_11 pm

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Colorado Christian University *

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Psychology

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Feb 20, 2024

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1 Adolescence Valerie Austin Colorado Christian University PSY-246A- Psychology Through the Lifespan Instructor Wolfe December 24, 2023

2 Adolescence Significant physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes occur during adolescence, which is a crucial stage of human development. This period typically begins with the onset of puberty and extends into the late teens or early twenties. Adolescents undergo a myriad of transformations as they navigate the transition from childhood to adulthood, grappling with issues of identity, autonomy, and forming meaningful relationships. This phase is characterized by a search for independence, the exploration of personal values and beliefs, and the development of a sense of self. Understanding the unique challenges and opportunities of adolescence is crucial for parents, educators, and mental health professionals to provide adequate support and guidance during this formative period. In this introduction, we will explore various developmental theories and key aspects of adolescent development, shedding light on the complexities and nuances of this pivotal life stage. Developmental theories specific to this life stage: 1.) Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development: Erikson's conflict for adolescence is identity versus role confusion. During this stage, adolescents are exploring and forming their own identity, including their values, beliefs, and goals. They may struggle with finding their place in the world and developing a sense of self. (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2019, Chapter 1). 2.) Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development: Piaget's theory emphasizes the development of abstract thinking during adolescence. Adolescents begin to think more critically and logically, and they are able to understand complex concepts and hypothetical situations. (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2019, p. 15). 3.) Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development: Kohlberg's theory suggests that adolescents are in the stage of conventional morality, where they are focused on following rules

3 and seeking approval from others. They are also beginning to develop their own moral values and principles. 4.) Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory: Vygotsky's theory emphasizes the importance of social interactions and cultural influences on adolescent development. Individuals' beliefs, behaviors, and identities change during adolescence as a result of influences from their peers, families, and the larger society. 5.) Attachment Theory: Attachment theory suggests that during adolescence, individuals may experience changes in their attachment relationships with parents and peers. They may seek greater independence while still needing support and guidance from trusted individuals. Physical, emotional, and psychological changes commonly occurring during this time: During adolescence, individuals undergo a multitude of physical, emotional, and psychological changes as they transition from childhood to adulthood. These changes are a crucial part of the developmental process and can have a significant impact on an individual's overall well-being. Some common changes experienced during adolescence include: Physical Changes:  Rapid growth spurts, leading to significant increases in height and weight. (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2019, p. 265).  Development of secondary sexual characteristics such as breast development in females, and the growth of facial hair and deepening of the voice in males  Changes in body composition, including the redistribution of muscle and fat  Onset of puberty, including the maturation of reproductive organs and the ability to reproduce.

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4 Emotional Changes:  Heightened emotional sensitivity and reactivity  Increased self-consciousness and concerns about body image  Intensified mood swings and fluctuations in emotional states  Developing a greater capacity for empathy and understanding of others' emotions Psychological Changes:  Cognitive development, including the ability to think abstractly and critically  Formation of personal identity and exploration of values, beliefs, and goals  Increased independence and autonomy, along with a desire for greater decision-making power  Development of a more complex understanding of oneself and others, including the ability to form deeper, more intimate relationships These changes can be both exhilarating and challenging for adolescents as they navigate the complexities of their evolving identities. Understanding and supporting adolescents through these changes is essential for promoting their overall well-being and healthy development. Challenges frequently encountered in this life stage: Adolescence is a period marked by numerous challenges as individuals navigate the complexities of physical, emotional, and social transformations. Some common challenges encountered during this life stage include: 1.) Identity Formation: Adolescents often grapple with questions of self-identity, trying to understand who they are, their values, and their place in the world. This can lead to feelings of confusion and uncertainty as they explore different aspects of themselves.

5 2.) Peer Pressure: Adolescents may face significant pressure from their peers to conform to social norms, engage in risky behaviors, or adopt certain attitudes and beliefs. Negotiating peer influence while maintaining a sense of individuality can be challenging. 3.) Body Image and Self-Esteem: Physical changes during adolescence can lead to heightened self-consciousness and concerns about body image. This can contribute to struggles with self-esteem and body dissatisfaction, particularly in the context of societal standards and media portrayal of beauty. Many teenagers look in the mirror regularly, checking for signs of additional physical change. Generally, girls worry more than boys about appearance and are more likely to be dissatisfied with their appearance. (Vander Wal & Thelen, 2000). 4.) Family Dynamics: Adolescents may experience conflicts with parents and caregivers as they seek greater autonomy and independence. This can lead to tensions within the family as individuals strive to assert their own identities while still relying on familial support. 5.) Academic and Career Pressures: Adolescents face increasing academic demands and the expectation of making decisions about their future career paths. This can create stress and anxiety as they navigate academic performance, extracurricular activities, and long-term goals. 6.) Risky Behaviors: Adolescents may be more prone to engaging in risky behaviors such as substance abuse, unsafe sexual practices, and reckless driving. This can be attributed to a combination of peer influence, curiosity, and a developing sense of invincibility. (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2019, Chapter 8). Navigating these challenges is an essential part of adolescent development, and providing support, guidance, and resources can help individuals overcome these obstacles and thrive during this critical life stage. Cultural influences on human development are specific to this stage:

6 Cultural influences play a significant role in shaping human development during adolescence, impacting various aspects of identity, social interactions, and values. According to the sociohistorical perspective, “social, historical, and cultural circumstances help shape a person's view of the world and give rise to the ways of functioning within that world” (Sanchez, 1999, p. 352). Some specific ways in which cultural influences manifest during this stage include: 1.) Cultural Identity: Adolescents grapple with questions of cultural identity, exploring their heritage, traditions, and the values of their cultural community. They may navigate the tension between their family's cultural expectations and the broader cultural influences they encounter in school, the media, and society. 2.) Family Dynamics: Cultural norms and traditions within the family can significantly impact an adolescent's development. Different cultures may have distinct expectations regarding family roles and communication styles, influencing how adolescents interact with and seek autonomy from their families. 3.) Social Expectations: Cultural norms and values shape the expectations and behaviors of adolescents within their communities. These expectations can include gender roles, educational aspirations, and the importance of family and community ties, which can influence an adolescent's sense of belonging and self-identity. 4.) Cultural Beliefs and Values: Cultural beliefs and values regarding topics such as education, religion, relationships, and societal roles can significantly influence an adolescent's worldview and decision-making processes. These cultural influences may impact an adolescent's choices related to education, career aspirations, and personal relationships. The cultural values,

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7 roles, rules, and beliefs caregivers hold heavily influence their interactions and socialization practices with offspring (Barrera & Corso, 2002; Keller & Greenfield, 2000). 5.) Acculturation and multicultural Identity: Adolescents from immigrant or multicultural backgrounds may experience the process of acculturation, navigating the integration of their heritage culture with the dominant culture of their current environment. This can lead to the development of a multicultural identity, where individuals draw from multiple cultural influences to shape their sense of self. Understanding and respecting the diverse cultural influences on adolescent development is crucial for educators, mental health professionals, and caregivers to provide meaningful support and guidance that is sensitive to the unique cultural backgrounds of adolescents. Learning promotes development and refers to changes in behavior that simultaneously result from experiences and practices (Rogoff, 1990). Embracing cultural diversity can also enrich the adolescent experience and foster a greater sense of belonging. How can a biblical worldview be applied to your selected stage? A biblical worldview can provide a guiding framework for understanding and navigating the challenges and opportunities of adolescence. Here are some ways in which a biblical worldview can be applied to this stage of life: 1.) Identity and Purpose: The biblical perspective emphasizes that each individual is uniquely created and has inherent value. Adolescents can be encouraged to explore their identity and purpose in light of their understanding of being made in the image of God, with a calling to contribute positively to the world around them. 2.) Moral and Ethical Development: Adolescence is a critical time for moral and ethical development. A biblical worldview provides a foundation for understanding and grappling with

8 questions of right and wrong, emphasizing principles such as love, compassion, justice, and integrity as guiding values for decision-making and behavior. 3.) Relationships and Community: The biblical worldview emphasizes the importance of relationships, both with God and with others. Adolescents can be encouraged to cultivate healthy, respectful, and loving relationships, as well as to contribute positively to their communities and the well-being of others. 4.) Resilience and Hope: Adolescence can be a time of significant challenges and uncertainties. A biblical worldview offers a message of hope, resilience, and perseverance, encouraging adolescents to find strength and purpose in the midst of difficulties and to seek support from their faith community. 5.) Service and Purpose: Adolescents can be encouraged to explore opportunities for service and contribution to others, guided by the biblical principles of compassion, justice, and stewardship. This can foster a sense of purpose and fulfillment as they seek to make a positive impact on their communities and the world. Paul of Tarsus acknowledged the significance of religious development and its relevance, as evidenced by his writings; “When I was a child, I talked like a child, I reasoned like a child. When I became a man, I put the ways of childhood behind me.”( NIV Life Application Study Bible , 2019,1 Corinthians 13:11). It's important to note that the application of a biblical worldview should be done with sensitivity and respect for the diverse beliefs and backgrounds of adolescents and their families. Creating an environment that allows for open dialogue, exploration, and understanding of different perspectives is essential in supporting adolescents as they navigate their faith and worldview during this critical stage of development.

9 Reflect on your own experience in this life stage (or, if you have not yet experienced it, your expectations of what you may encounter based on the research you have done): Expectations during this stage may include navigating peer relationships, academic pressures, and developing a sense of autonomy while still needing guidance and support. People start to form their own opinions and perspectives during adolescence, and things like family, culture, and personal experiences can influence them. Adolescence can be a time of significant growth and self-discovery, but it can also be characterized by uncertainty, self-doubt, and emotional upheaval. Building resilience, seeking positive role models, and finding healthy outlets for self-expression and exploration are important aspects of navigating this stage successfully. Based on the research, I understand that the support of caring adults, mentors, and positive influences can greatly impact an adolescent's experience during this stage. Encouraging open communication, providing opportunities for personal development, and fostering a sense of belonging and purpose can contribute to a positive and fulfilling experience during adolescence. Through my exploration of the topic of adolescence, I have gained insights into the multifaceted nature of this critical stage of human development. The main ideas covered in this discussion include: Identity Formation: Adolescents undergo a process of self-discovery and identity formation, seeking to understand their values, beliefs, and personal identity. Autonomy and Independence: Adolescents strive for increasing autonomy and independence as they seek to establish their own identities separate from their caregivers. Peer Relationships: Peer relationships play a crucial role in shaping adolescents' social dynamics, self-esteem, and emotional well-being.

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10 Cognitive Development: Adolescence is a time of significant cognitive development, including the ability to think abstractly, reason critically, and gain a deeper comprehension of difficult concepts and moral reasoning. Emotional Regulation: Adolescents experience heightened emotional intensity and may struggle with regulating their emotions, leading to mood swings, impulsivity, and a search for emotional stability. Cultural and Spiritual Influences: Cultural and spiritual factors significantly shape adolescents' values, beliefs, and worldviews, highlighting the importance of understanding and respecting diverse cultural backgrounds. Understanding these key aspects of adolescence is essential for providing effective support and guidance to young individuals as they navigate the challenges and opportunities of this stage. By recognizing the significance of identity formation, autonomy, peer relationships, cognitive development, emotional regulation, and cultural influences, caregivers, educators, and mental health professionals can better facilitate positive development and well-being for adolescents.

11 References Barrera, I., & Corso, R. M. (2002). Cultural competency as skilled dialogue. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education , 22 (2), 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/02711214020220020501 Greenfield, P. M., Keller, H., Fuligni, A., & Maynard, A. (2003). Cultural pathways through universal development. Annual Review of Psychology , 54 (1), 461–490. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145221 Kail, R. V., & Cavanaugh, J. C. (2019). Human development: A life-span view (8th ed.). Cengage. NIV Life application study bible (Third ed.). (2019). Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. Rogoff, B. (1990). Apprenticeship in thinking: Cognitive development in social context (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. Sánchez, S. Y. (1999). Learning from the stories of culturally and linguistically diverse families and communities. Remedial and Special Education , 20 (6), 351–359. https://doi.org/10.1177/074193259902000609 Vander Wal, J. S., & Thelen, M. H. (2000). Eating and body image concerns among obese and average-weight children. Addictive Behaviors , 25 (5), 775–778. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4603(00)00061-7

Adolescence - Dec. 24 @ 7_11 pm

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