Week 1 Assignment PSY630

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School

Ashford University *

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630

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Psychology

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Feb 20, 2024

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Uploaded by remianid

Topic for Critical Review Ashley Tappin PSY630: Psychopharmacology Dana Dillard January 22, 2024

Topic of Critical Review There are three main categories of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms: hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity. As the symptom categories encompass a variety of physical behaviors, they have become two types of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The third type is known as the combined type, which indicates that symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity are present. According to Perez-Alvarez (2017), ADHD is the most well-known and most controversial disorder, which also causes people to doubt it. ADHD has become more prominent as more individuals are getting diagnosed, including adults who were not seen as children. This paper will cover the theoretical causes of ADHD, the symptoms and neurotransmitters involved, and the anatomy and its involvement in ADHD. The most significant controversy in ADHD involves the diagnosis and the genetic component. According to Perez-Alvarez (2017), it is challenging to show complete evidence of the genetics involved in ADHD because the diagnosis is based on a consensus, making the entire genetic and neurobiology aspects challenging to uncover. The cause is unknown, but multiple genes are involved, as evidentiary studies show (Cervin, 2022). There are various theories of what causes ADHD, including unhealthy food, genetics, and possibly vaccines. Some individuals even believe ADHD is not accurate, and it has only become another trend. The pathology of the disorder is viewed as a unique nervous system with a dysfunctional prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex houses the brain's executive functions that are highly affected by ADHD. Neuroimaging and studies show the ADHD brain to have a completely different structure than a typically developed brain. Medication is the most common treatment for ADHD, as stimulant medications work to boost neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin, to aid in better focus and motivation.

Dopamine is known as the reward system of the brain; as ADHD causes a lack of dopamine, it can be more challenging for individuals to start tasks, do anything boring, and gain the motivation to do non-stimulating tasks. Neurotransmission in the brain is not all dopamine; it includes serotonin, norepinephrine, and GABA. Stimulant medications work so well because they stimulate the neurotransmitters to send more signals to brain areas, causing them to work more efficiently. According to Banaschewski et al. (2017), other avenues, such as eating healthy, can aid in lessening ADHD symptoms. Anatomical changes in ADHD occur in the brain. As mentioned, the structure of an ADHD brain is smaller, and specific areas of the brain are more minor than typically developed brains. Neuroimaging studies show the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex to be smaller in an ADHD brain. Outward signs of ADHD vary from person to person and for those with different types. A person with the inattentive type may show more distraction and daydreaming symptoms; another with the hyperactive-impulsive type would show fidgeting, cutting people off in conversation, inability to sit still, and possibly risky behavior. Forgetfulness is a shared symptom among individuals with inattentiveness or hyperactivity. According to Cervin (2022), 5-15% of children and teens are affected by ADHD, with some having it through adulthood. Symptoms and severity may change as children age due to brain structure and maturity factors. In conclusion, dysregulated neurotransmitters, along with a smaller cerebellum and prefrontal cortex, cause multiple struggles on an everyday basis for individuals diagnosed with ADHD. Each type of ADHD comes with its challenges, but still, life is difficult working with a different brain and navigating everyday life. As mentioned, physical signs of ADHD include forgetfulness, executive dysfunction, distraction, and struggling to do daily mundane tasks. These signs show the lack of neurotransmitters and the size differences between the ADHD brain

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and the typical brain. The prefrontal cortex and cerebellum control the executive function, memory, and focus ability.

References Banaschewski, T., Becker, K., Dopfner, M., Holtmann, M., Rosler, M., & Romanos, M. (2017). Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Deutsches Aerzteblatt International , 149- 158. Cervin, M. (2022). Developmental signs of ADHD and autism: a prospective investigation in 3623 children. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 32 , 1969-1978. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-02024-4 Perez-Alvarez, M. (2017). The four causes of ADHD: Aristotle in the classroom. Frontiers in Psychology. 8 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00928

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