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1 Case Study: Identify Economic Factors Affecting Trauma Practices Erin R. Hughes Sanford College of Education, Northcentral University TRA-7100: Trauma-Informed Educational Practices within Community Contexts and Conditions Dr. Angela Smith January 7, 2024

2 Trauma is an emotional response from an event, series of events, or circumstances that are interpreted as harmful or life-threatening and have the potential to result in lasting adverse effects on one's physical, mental, social, emotional, or spiritual well-being (ICJIA | Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, n.d.). Trauma is all around us. Everyone in the world experiences trauma on some level, and that trauma affects not only the victim but everyone who comes into contact with the victim. Socioeconomic status plays a significant role in trauma. The burden of trauma is not equally distributed among all groups of societies and often disproportionately affects poor populations (Abedzadeh-Kalahroudi et al., 2018). There is a direct correlation between poverty and trauma. Studies show that poverty puts people at risk for traumatic violence, and not having a stable residence compounds this risk and can and does lead to PTSD and other mental health conditions (Ford et al., 2015). Children are born into their circumstances; they do not choose their family, living situations, or socioeconomic status. All of these factors play an essential role in a person's life. Prolonged exposure to poverty in childhood can have long-term consequences in educational outcomes, physical health, and brain development, which follow children into adulthood (Boghani, 2017). Children are expected to grow up in adverse situations, sometimes lacking the most basic necessities and "make it." Unfortunately, this is not the case for most. However, one thing to point out is that just because an individual grows up poor or lacks financial stability, it does not mean he or she is destined to experience more trauma than others. Everyone experiences trauma at some level, no matter the

3 socioeconomic status; it is the resources and education provided that genuinely help and give a chance to be successful despite the upbringing. Let us look at the life and experiences of one child in particular; we will refer to him as Derek M. Derek presents as a 17-year-old Hispanic male who is currently in a juvenile detention facility. Derek has been diagnosed with PTSD, anxiety, depression, anger, aggression, and abandonment issues. His reading and math scores are at an 8th-grade level, and he is currently working on the ninth-grade curriculum. He comes from a home where both parents are incarcerated; his father is in prison, and his mother has been in and out of jail for drugs since before he was born. He has one sibling, a 22- year-old sister who has not graduated high school, has been in the juvenile system multiple times, and is involved in gang activity. His grandmother is his legal guardian, but due to her age, she cannot travel and see him often; however, she is the only constant in his life. He was born and raised in a city that has been ranked as one of the worst and most dangerous to live in and has a high population of gangs. Derek's life is like many others at the facility. Derek grew up in a town about three hours south of Denver, Colorado. Pueblo, Colorado has a poverty rate of 14.9%, an unemployment rate of 4.30%, ranks number forty in the top one hundred most dangerous cities in the United States of America and is ranked as one of the worst cities in the country to live in (United States Census Bureau QuickFacts, n.d.). This alone should give an insight into the life of a young child like Derek and help to maybe understand some of his life decisions. Derek was diagnosed with ADHD at the age of four because, in preschool, he "could not sit still." He was labeled as a troubled child because his mother was absent

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4 and addicted to drugs, his father was in and out of prison, and his grandmother was raising him. So, right away, he was off to a bad start. However, if one could look back at him during his early years, one would see a rambunctious, loving, and intelligent little boy. Unfortunately, all the labels began to attach to him and stick. He was even put in special classes and given an IEP due to his ADHD; this perhaps was the proverbial straw that broke the camel's back. His early years in school were not successful. He was always in trouble, losing recess, not in classes with his friends, failing classes, and never given the proper support. You see, Derek was extraordinarily bright and could read fluently from a young age, but because of the trauma he experienced early on, he did not know how to express himself adequately. Early on in school, he started to give up, and with no one to support him, he continued down that path. So many teachers told him that he would never amount to anything. His scores for reading and math were extremely low, and therefore, expectations were low to non-existent for him. The turnover for educators is very high for his home school district and the facility in which he is incarcerated. The teachers also do not have much experience or tools on how to work with children and youth who have experienced trauma. Derek grew up in a city full of crime and poverty and honestly never really had a chance to escape that life. His first actual run-in with the law was when he was upset with his sister and broke the window of her car. She called the police, and at 13, he was taken into custody since he was not able to afford legal counsel; he was in and out of court for months without proper representation and was, in his words, destined to be locked up. His crimes involve robbery, attempted murder, and illegal weapons and

5 revolve around gang activity. At 17, Derek is still working on 9th grade curriculum and will most likely not earn his GED because once he is released, he will not attend school regularly due to age. This is all too real for most of the youth at the facility and where he is from. Poverty and trauma have a direct correlation. Research has shown that families living in poverty encounter multifaceted risks associated with the hardship of depleted resources, burdens of high stress and incivilities, and exposure to multiple traumas (Ackerman, et al., 1999). Repeated exposure to trauma has a negative effect on individuals, especially children who are still developing. Furthermore, the lack of available resources and education only intensifies the trauma and its adverse effects. As an educator, it is evident that one would want all children to succeed and have the best chance at a bright and exceptional future. However, when not given the tools, training, and education, it becomes nearly impossible to help all children succeed. This is especially true when working with those who have experienced trauma. However, with the right tools and community resources, creating a more stable and positive environment where children can succeed no matter the circumstances is possible.

6 References Abedzadeh-Kalahroudi, M., Razi, E., & Sehat, M. (2018). The relationship between socioeconomic status and trauma outcomes. Journal of Public Health , 40 (4), e431–e439. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy033 Ackerman, B. P., Kogos, J., Youngstrom, E., Schoff, K., & Izard, C. (1999). Family instability and the problem behaviors of children from economically disadvantaged families. Developmental Psychology, 35, 258-268. Boghani, P. (2017, November 22). How poverty can follow children into adulthood. FRONTLINE . https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/how-poverty-can-follow- children-into-adulthood/ Ford, J. D., Grasso, D. J., Elhai, J. D., & Courtois, C. A. (2015). Social, cultural, and other diversity issues in the traumatic stress field. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 503– 546). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-801288-8.00011-x ICJIA | Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority . (n.d.). https://icjia.illinois.gov/researchhub/articles/individual-and-community-trauma- individual-experiences-in-collective-environments United States Census Bureau QuickFacts. (n.d.). U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Pueblo County, Colorado . Census Bureau QuickFacts. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/pueblocountycolorado

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