GABA

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1 Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Professor’s Name Course Student’s Name Date

2 Question One Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) serves as the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter inside the brain, playing a crucial position in regulating neuronal activity by decreasing its intensity (Stahl, 2021). The observed effect was a decrease in neuronal excitability via the inhibition of nerve transmission. The classification of GABA receptors has three primary subtypes, namely GABAa, GABAb, and GABAc. According to Stahl (2021), GABAa and GABAc receptors are classified as ligand-gated ion channels, but GABAb receptors are associated with G proteins rather than ion channels. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) elicits a tranquilizing influence and assumes a pivotal function in regulating the excessive excitability of neuronal cells, which is linked to the manifestation of anxiety, fear, as well as stress. GABA, by the inhibition of excitatory neural activity, contributes to the enhancement of sleep quality and the mitigation of stress and anxiety. Question Two Psychiatric conditions associated with GABA neurotransmitters encompass mood disorders, including MDD, anxiety disorders like General Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder, as well as Schizophrenia and Autism Spectrum Disorder (Stahl, 2021). Question Three Major Depressive Disorder: MDD is categorized by a range of symptoms, like apathy, lack of interest, changes in appetite, disturbances in sleep patterns (including insomnia or hypersomnia), exhaustion, and the presence of suicidal ideations (Stahl, 2021). MDD is believed to be associated with a reduction in GABA levels. According to Stahl's (2021) research, there was an observed disparity in GABA levels across individuals with mental illnesses. Specifically,

3 it was revealed that those with remitted Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) had greater levels of GABA compared to those with active MDD. Schizophrenia: Schizophrenia is characterized by a range of symptoms, including alogia, hallucinations, inattention, motor delay, asociality, visual memory impairments, extrapyramidal symptoms, sadness, and anxiety (Stahl, 2021). Persons diagnosed with schizophrenia have reduced amounts of GABA compared to persons without the condition. In contrast to other psychiatric illnesses, individuals with schizophrenia have elevated levels of GABA ( Prévot & Sibille, 2021) . Autistic Spectrum illness: ASD is a multifaceted illness that encompasses several syndromes and disorders, as described by ( Prévot & Sibille, 2021) . The symptoms associated with ASD include a range of developmental delays in language, cognition, learning, and motor abilities. Additionally, individuals with ASD may exhibit hyperactive, impulsive, and/or inattentive behaviors, as well as mood swings and inappropriate emotional responses (Komatsu et al., 2020). The symptoms of ASD have been shown to be associated with a shortage of GABA according to a study conducted by ( Prévot & Sibille, 2021) . General Anxiety Disorder: GAD is categorized by a range of symptoms, which comprise but are not limited to excessive anxiety pertaining to past, present, and future events, restlessness, exhaustion, difficulties in maintaining focus, sleep disturbances, and irritability (Lauron et al., 2023). The symptoms of GAD have been shown to be associated with a shortage in GABA (Stahl, 2021). Panic disorder: Panic disorder is characterized by a range of symptoms, as identified by Lauron et al. (2023), such as perspiration, sensations of coldness, angina, palpitations, dyspnea,

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4 and paresthesia in the extremities. The symptoms of panic disorder have been shown to be associated with a deficit of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (Stahl, 2021). Question Four Disorder Drug Class Agonist/ Antagonist Medication Impact MDD SSRIs Agonist A lack of serotonin contributes to the emotional state of depression. Due to the inhibition of SERT, serotonin levels increase after taking an SSRI (Stahl, 2021). Schizophrenia Selected Individual First Generation D2 Antagonist Antagonist D2 antagonists reduce dopaminergic neurotransmission by blocking D2 receptors (Stahl, 2021). GAD Benzodiazepines Agonist An increase in GABA binding to its receptors is what

5 makes benzodiazepines effective (Stahl, 2021). When GABA levels are raised, symptoms of GAD diminish. Panic DIsorder SNRIs Agonist SNRIs inhibit serotonin and norepinephrine neuronal absorption. Thus, elevating cerebral serotonin as well as norepinephrine levels (Stahl, 2021). References

6 Komatsu, Ono, T., Maita, Y., Ishida, Y., Kikuchi, T., Maki, T., Hase, S., Sakurai, H., Oba, A., Teshirogi, O., Suzuki, A., Mori, Y., Shoji, C., Fujita, A., Takahashi, S., Ebina, T., Ozaki, S., Honma, R., Tomita, H., & Kakuto, Y. (2020). Association Between Autistic Symptoms and Self-Stigma in Patients with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 16, 2553– 2561. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S280485 . Lauron, Plasse, C., Vaysset, M., Pereira, B., D’Incan, M., Rondepierre, F., & Jalenques, I. (2023). Prevalence and Odds of Depressive and Anxiety Disorders and Symptoms in Children and Adults with Alopecia Areata: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatology (Chicago, Ill.), 159(3), 281–288. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2022.6085 . Prévot, T., & Sibille, E. (2021). Altered GABA-mediated information processing and cognitive dysfunctions in depression and other brain disorders. Molecular psychiatry , 26 (1), 151- 167. Stahl, S. M. (2021). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

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