PG Memory 1

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Biopsychology Prep Guide: Memory 1 Materials: Pinel Ch.11, Pages 272 – End of box on 274 (or if you have the online version, stop at the “Formal Assessment...”) & 283 – 291 Memory: Neuroanatomy 1. Describe the contributions of studies involving H.M. Medial temporal lobes play an important role in memory and there are individual brain structures related to mnemonic (memory-related) processes specifically in the hippocampus and other medial temporal lobe structures. Bilateral medial temporal lobectomy ruined certain kinds of long-term memories without disrupting performance on short-term memory (remote (distant past) memory) tests. An amnesic patient might claim no recollection of a previous experience while demonstrating memory for it by improved performance; discovering the distinguishment of conscious long-term memories (explicit or declarative memories) and long-term memories demonstrated by improved test performance without conscious awareness (implicit memories) 2. What are the disadvantages of animal models of amnesia? Historically, most animal memory tests did not extend to all types of long-term memory, just explicit long-term memories and most efforts focused on hippocampal lesions which was incorrectly assumed to be the location of most amnesic effects. a. Compare the usefulness of the rat and monkey models. Rats: (1) rats perform almost as well as monkeys with delays up to 1 minute. (2) mumby box is a very similar delayed nonmatching-to-sample test for rats that resembles the test for monkeys. (3) extraneous damage associated with aspiration lesions of the hippocampus is in an area small enough that it can be lesioned electrolytically or with intracerebral neurotoxin injections to reduce damage. Monkeys: (1) monkeys with bilateral medial temporal lobectomies have major problems forming long-term memories for objects encountered in the delayed nonmatching-to-sample test , similarly to H.M.’s deficits. (2) when there is more time in between when the monkeys need to recall the stimulus, they are more susceptible to distractors like humans. (3) hippocampal lesions in monkeys involved aspiration (suction) in the medial temporal cortex and hippocampus. b. What do findings from animals teach us about the role of the hippocampus in memory? The bilateral lesions in the hippocampus, amygdala, and medial temporal cortex produce major deficits at all but the shortest retention intervals. 3. After reviewing all the tests for memory, identify which test would be most similar to the following real-world examples a. Trying to get to Wilson Hall from a parking lot on campus that you have never parked in before. reference memory or spatial memory morris water maze

Biopsychology Prep Guide: Memory 1 b. Receiving text messages from multiple people and remembering to text them all back. reference memory c. Your campus crush gave you their phone number at Chick-fil-a but you didn’t have your phone to immediately save it so you have to remember it until you get back to your table. working memory d. You run into two people at a frat party and only recognize one of them so you introduce yourself to the other one. reference memory e. You forgot your grocery list and are at the store trying to remember everything you need buy. working memory 4. Explain what would happen in the delayed non-match to sample task if the monkey did not demonstrate memory. If a monkey did not demonstrate memory in the delayed non- matching-to-sample test, they exhibit deficits similar to H.M. a. Explain what would happen in the Mumby box if the rat DID show memory. If the rat showed memory in the Mumby box, the sliding door to it will close behind it and new objects will be arranged for the next trial. b. Can you think of any everyday human tasks or experiences that are similar to the delayed non-match to sample task and/or the Mumby box? (1) you’re given a phone number (2) there’s a short delay when you’re asked to recite the phone number (3) you try to recall that memory (4) you successfully recall the number 5. The medial temporal cortex is comprised of which structures? (Use the figures in the chapter to help you!) perirhinal cortex, lateral fissure, entorhinal cortex, and parahippocampal cortex a. Explain the specific roles of each structure and any specialized cells found in each. perirhinal cortex (PRC) – object recognition memory lateral fissure – controls perception and sensation entorhinal cortex – memory, navigation, perception of time  grid cells parahippocampal cortex (PHC) – contextual associative processing  place cells b. What is the difference between the medial temporal cortex and the hippocampus? the hippocampus is within the medial temporal lobe medial temporal cortex: contains perirhinal cortex, parahippocampal cortex gets into to hippocampus hippocampus: contains CA2 and CA2 and gyrus  memory consolidation and temporary stores memory c. Which plays a stronger role in memory? Explain the evidence for your answer. damage to the medial temporal lobe plays a stronger role in memory because it affects conscious memory and hippocampus affects the ability to recall past memories.

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