Test 1 Notes

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University of Louisiana, Lafayette *

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Political Science

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Dec 6, 2023

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1. What are the shortcomings of the Articles of Confederation , as indicated in the Greenberg and Page textbook as well as emphasized during class lectures? Be sure to include at least seven examples. The shortcomings of the Articles of Confederation are: (1) a weak national government; (2) no national standing; (3) no power to levy taxes; (4) no power to regulate interstate competition; (5) no chief executive/president; (6) no national judiciary; (7) and a high threshold for the unicameral national legislature to adopt new laws (at least 9 out of 14 states) or constitutional amendments (14 out of 14 states). 2. What are the four references to slavery in the U.S. Constitution ? Be sure to explain each of the four . The four references to slavery in the US Constitution are: (1) 3/5 Clause; (2) The Slave Trade/Atlantic Importation Clause; (3) the Runaway Fugitive Slaves Clause; (4) later the 13 th Amendment (1865) would finally abolish slavery in the U.S. The 3/5 Clause allowed three-fifths of all other persons (i.e. slaves) were to be taken into account when determining congressional representation for each state in the new legislature. The Slave Trade/Atlantic Importation Clause is a federal law that stated that no new slaves were permitted to be imported into the United States. Runaway Fugitive Slaves Clause requires a "person held to service or labor" (usually a slave, apprentice, or indentured servant) who flees to another state to be returned to the owner in the state from which that person escaped. The 13 th Amendment established that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 3. What are the nationalist position and the States’ rights position with respect to federalism in the United States? Also, choose one of these positions and defend it while making sure to reference any relevant constitutional clauses and/or other review terms that would support such a position. Nationalist Position : View of American federalism that holds that US Constitution created a system in which national government is supreme, relative to States, and that it granted that government a broad range of powers and responsibilities; supported by Supremacy Clause and Elastic Clause of US Constitution. State’s Rights Position : View of American federalism that holds that the U.S. Constitution created a system of dual sovereignty in which national gov’t and State gov’ts are both sovereign in their own separate spheres. 4. What are the main causes for the devolution in news coverage of objective journalism since the early 1980s? Also, be sure to explain other important review terms ( at least three ) that are pertinent to the decline of objective journalism. Devolution in News- the media has devolved from objective journalism with substantive investigations to subjective journalism with entertaining interpretations. Wedge Issues- an example of framing; are designed to pit groups against each other in order to appeal to voters’ sense of group identity (e.g. abortion, gun control, or marriage) Trigger Words- an example of framing; the use of strategic words or slogans, mostly by politicians, in order to propogandize the public. 5. What are the definitions and explanations of pluralism and disturbance theory ? Also, how do these two terms relate to each other with respect to interest groups in the United States?

Pluralism- the political science position that American democracy is best understood in terms of the interaction, conflict, and bargaining of groups; first proposed in The Government Process (1951) by David B. Truman. Disturbance Theory- a political postulation by David Truman that states that interest groups form primarily when there are changes in a social environment that upsets the well-beings of some groups of people. Matching: Authors of Founding Documents : Committee of Five: the men selected to construct the Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson (Virginia) Benjamin Franklin (Pennsylvania) John Adams (Massachusetts) Roger Sherman (Connecticut) Robert Livingston (New York). Founding Document Dates:

 Which of the ensuing may be considered a significant difference between direct democracy and representative democracy? In a direct democracy citizens themselves make decisions, whereas in a representative democracy citizens choose intermediaries whom make decisions on the citizens' behalf. Which one of the following is NOT considered (nor closely related to) a vital benchmark of a representative democracy? Political Sovereignty The principle that citizens in a democracy are protected from government interference in exercise of a range of basic freedoms, such as freedom of speech, is called Political liberty. The author of Common Sense was whom? Thomas Paine The supremacy clause (Article VI) of the U.S. Constitution States that the federal Constitution and the laws and treaties of the U.S. are the supreme law of the land, taking precedence over state laws and constitutions. The elastic clause (Article I, § 8) of the U.S. Constitution Is also called the necessary and proper clause, which gives the current U.S. Congress broad powers to carry out its enumerated responsibilities. Slim Bro is the official system of legally sanctioned racial segregation in the American South that began in the Reconstruction Era lasted into the middle of the 20th century, ending with the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. False In terms of the (origins of the) American Revolution, its original purpose was to break away from Great Britain and form a new separate nation, known as the United States of America. False "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. That they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." This quotation is found near the introduction of the Declaration of Independence. True The __________ occurred during the summer (the end of May to mid-September) of 1787.

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Constitutional Convention Federalism (also known as a federation or a federal system) is a system of democratic government in which significant governmental powers are Divided and shared between a central (or federal or national) government and smaller constituent units, such as States. What is a unitary system? It is a system in which a central government has complete power over its constituent units (the States). The Thirteenth Amendment (1865) of the U.S. Constitution did what? Abolished the institution of slavery forever in the U.S. and invalidated the other three constitutional slavery clauses. The set of core beliefs in a country that help shape how people behave politically and what they believe government should do is called Political culture. Nativism is another word for Anti-foreignism. Median household income is defined as The midpoint (50% + or -) of all households ranked by income. The U.S. Constitutional provisions specifying the full faith and credit clause (Art. IV, § 1) and privileges and immunities clause (Art. IV, § 2) concern regulation of relations among the States. True Industrialization is the transformation of a society's economy from one dominated by manufacturing pursuits to one dominated by the service industry. False Urbanization refers to the movement of people from rural areas to cities. True The grants-in-aid preferred by most modern members of the Republican Party, which are federal aid to States that can be used for general activities with few restrictions, are called __________ grants. Block Grants The aggregated political attitudes of ordinary people as revealed by surveys is called Public Opinion People who favor government regulation of business to protect the public from harm, and government spending for social programs are known as Economic Liberals. The merging of hard news information with entertainment in modern news presentations is called

Infotainment. The assigned location where a reporter regularly gathers news stories is called Beat Providing a context for interpretation, or the media's ability to influence how the public interprets a political event by emphasizing or de-emphasizing particular facets of that issue, is a media tool known as Framing (effects). The outside game of interest group politics refers to efforts by groups to Identify and mobilize support among a wider public. A scientific survey, also known as a sample survey, is a survey technique designed so that every individual in a population of interest has an equal chance of being included in the pool of survey respondents, to ensure their representativeness of the whole population. False The news (mass) media are intermediaries between government and the people that provide most political and governmental information to citizens. True Interest groups are defined as private organizations or voluntary associations that seek to influence public policy as a way to protect or advance their interests. True In Federalist No. 10 author James Madison warns against the late eighteenth century threat of what would have been referred to as the potential "mischief of ___________," which today are known as interest groups. Factions

Test 1 Notes

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