lab1

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LE/ESSE 1012 3.0 The Earth Environment Winter 2024 Lab. Section: 3 Name: Tahman Ahmed Student Nu Lab 1: EARTH IN SPACE DUE: JANUARY 26, 2024, 10:00 PM ET IMPORTANT: If you have not already done so, you must complete the course policy quiz on eClass and get all answers correct (multiple tries are okay) before submitting this lab, otherwise your lab will not be accepted . Unless otherwise indicated, show your work for all problems. You can either enter your answers into this document electronically using a computer or tablet, or you can print this document, handwrite your answers in the spaces provided, and scan the pages. If you need additional space, you can insert additional pages or you can add additional space within the Word document. For all numerical answers, the units should be indicated. Students can discuss this lab with each other, but copying from each other or copying from other sources is cheating and is not permitted. You should not share your answer sheets with other students or look at the answer sheets of other students. You should understand the concepts well enough to explain your answers in your own words. Your answers for hands- on portions of the lab should be based on work that you yourself performed in the lab location. If the lab procedure indicates that you can form groups to complete particular tasks, then you should still be physically present in the lab location contributing to the completion of those tasks, and you should write the names of other group members on your answer sheets. If your work relies on information that is obtained from a legitimate source other than ESSE 1012 course materials, please indicate the source of that information with enough detail so that someone else can locate the source. Please see the course outline for detailed policies.

1. Understanding Plagiarism The Wikipedia entry for the origin of water on Earth contains the following text: In response to a question about the origin of water on Earth, a student submits the following response: “It was long believed that Earth’s water didn’t originate from the planet’s region of the protoplanetary disk. Rather, the predominant view has been that asteroids delivered water to Earth and those asteroids either contained water in ice form or hydrogen and oxygen that reacted with each other after impact. Other research has also suggested that some of the hydrogen and oxygen needed to form water might have come from either Earth itself or from gases from the solar nebula in the early formation of the solar system.” No quotation marks are included in the student’s response. a. On its own, based on just the evidence presented, would the first sentence of the student’s response be considered plagiarism? Why or why not? (3 points.) Yes, it would be because there was little to no effort to either paraphrase the sentence or even cite where the information was taken from. There are some synonyms used to replace other words but no real evidence of the student understanding and conveying the information in his/her words. b. On its own, based on just the evidence presented, would the second sentence of the student’s response be considered plagiarism? Why or why not? (3 points.) It still would be even though in this sentence, it was altered using paraphrasing techniques, synonyms and a completely different writing style, just because it was not cited. c. Based on the entire response submitted by the student and just the evidence presented, has the student committed plagiarism? Why or why not? (3 points.) Yes, he has because even if one sentence of entire paragraph is not cited properly, it still is plagiarism.

2. Hands-on Solar Zenith Angle and Obliquity Exercises Required Materials (provided by the lab):  Flashlight  Globe beach ball fully inflated Note: If the beach ball is not fully inflated (e.g., wrinkles are visible) ask a TA to pump air into it. Split into groups of approximately 3-4 and write the names of the other group members below. Other group members: Punit Reyat, Pasquale Fioccola, Ngoc Thach Pham (a) Ask one group member to hold a flashlight while another classmate holds a globe. Centre the flashlight beam over Botswana, and tilt the beach ball relative to the flashlight to resemble noontime summer conditions in Botswana with Earth’s current obliquity. The flashlight beam represents one portion of the solar radiation traveling toward Earth, and the flashlight should be parallel to the path taken by rays of the Sun. You can half-push the flashlight button to find the setting with the brightest steady beam, and you can extend the flashlight head to make the beam more focused. The orientation of the globe and flashlight should resemble one of the diagrams below. Where indicated below, please circle A or B to indicate which diagram closely resembles the way you have oriented the globe and flashlight. Also circle JULY or DECEMBER below to indicate whether the diagram you have chosen more closely resembles conditions during July or December. No further justifications are required. (2 points.) Circle one: A or B

Circle one: JULY or DECEMBER (b) Keeping the flashlight beam centred over Botswana, tilt the beach ball relative to the flashlight to resemble winter noontime conditions in Botswana with Earth’s current obliquity. Which diagram above (A or B) would more closely resemble winter noontime conditions in Botswana? Does the diagram you have chosen more closely resemble July or December conditions? Does the flashlight spot look brighter or dimmer than in part (a)? What does that tell you about the solar zenith angle in winter compared to summer over Botswana? What does that tell you about average temperature in Botswana during winter compared to summer? (5 points.) Diagram A December Dimmer Solar zenith angle in winter is more than summer. The average temperature is going to be lower in winter than summer. (c) Keep the globe and flashlight in the same positions as in part (b), except tilt the globe so as to increase Earth’s obliquity. Does the flashlight spot over Botswana become brighter or dimmer than before? What does this tell you about the effect of increasing obliquity on winter solar zenith angle and temperature? Conversely, what effect does decreasing obliquity have on winter solar zenith angle and temperature? (5 points.) Dimmer Increasing winter solar zenith angle, it decreases the average temperature. Decreasing winter solar zenith angle, it increases the average temperature.

3. Solar Zenith Angle and Obliquity Calculations The figure below shows a plot of solar zenith angle over the Nodlysstasjonen laboratory (78.2 o N latitude) located on the Norwegian island of Svalbard. (Source: Robertson et al., Annales Geophysicae , 2006, doi:10.5194/angeo-24-2543-2006.) The plot includes values at midnight and at noon for each day of the year, assuming a non-leap year. For this problem, assume a non-leap year and assume that the insolation is 1362 W m -2 . Note that the y axis decreases upward, and when the solar zenith angle is greater than 90 o , the Sun is below the horizon, and it is considered evening or nighttime. Also, the x axis indicates the day of the year , ranging from 0 to 365. You can use the table at the following link to convert between day of the year and date: https://nsidc.org/support/faq/day-year-doy-calendar . If a question below asks for a date, you should give a month and a day of the month as a final answer, not the day of year. Evening/Nighttime

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