Ariel Binns Physics Lab Report 3

Experiment 3: Newton’s 2nd Law Ariel Binns Mona Chekuri McDowell 023 Performed: 6 October 2022 Due: 20 October 2022

Experiment 3:Newton's 2nd Law Ariel Binns Mona Chekuri Section 023 Performed: 6 October 2022 Due: 20 October 2022 Objective: The general objective of today's labs was to prove Newton’s second law of motion. Through studying the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration of both the object and gravity. The mediums we used to analyze this relationship were the photogate sensor, photogate-smart pulley, and picket fence. Description: the tools involved in today's experiment were Capstone, motion sensor, force sensor, bench clamp, weights with hooks, 28.7cm glider, air track, photogate/smart pulley, a string for gliders, photogate, large picket fence, digital scale, index card, and small table clamp, and meter stick Theory: Newton's 2nd law of motion states that an object in motion will continue in motion unless acted on by a net force. We used the below equations to explain how forces act on a system as well the effects of gravity. Gravitational force: - Force exerted by the friction of gravity - F G +GmM/R 2 =mg - M= mass of earth - R= radius of earth - g=-9.82m/s 2 - m= mass of object Normal force: - Force exerted by a surface in response to another - F=m*a Tension force: - a type of contact force. It deals with strong ropes or cables where it is tightly pulled by the object on the opposite end. - T=mg+ma - a=M 1 g/M 1 +M 2

Data and Calculations: Part 1: 3.6 Analysis: The curve for force and acceleration graphs are quite similar. The graphs crossing zero meant velocity is constant and that there is no acceleration. According to Newton’s 2nd law, if there is no acceleration there is no net force. If the same motion was performed at a different distance, the position vs. time graph would seem quite different. This is because the graph depends on the distance away from the motion sensor. Velocity, acceleration, and force will remain consistent throughout because they could be replicated. Part 2: Mass (kg) Acceleration Trial 1 (m/s 2 ) Acceleration Trail 2 (m/s 2 ) Average Acceleration (m/s 2 ) Theoretical acceleration (m/s 2 ) Percent Error 0.040 .744 .771 0.758 0.804 5.72 0.050 .939 .867 0.903 0.985 8.32 0.070 1.023 1.252 1.138 1.325 14.1 Calculation for Theoretical: a = [M 1 /(M 1 + M 2 )]*g M 2 glider = 448.2 g = 0.4482 kg a = [0.040/(0.040+0.4482)]*9.81 = 0.804 m/s 2 % error sample calculation: % error = (theoretical - actual)/theoretical = (0.804-0.758)/0.804 = 5.72%

standard deviation: Based on the calculated standard deviation, there is not a significant difference between the values in each respective trial in part 2. 40kg: .0165 - (0.744+0.758) 2 +(.771+0.0.758) 2 2−1 =. 0165 50kg: .036 - (.939+0.903) 2 +(.8671+0.903) 2 2−1 =. 036 70kg: .1145 - = .1145 (1.023+1.14) 2 +(1.252+1.14) 2 2−1 4.6 Analysis Compared to the theoretical a lot of our data was not extremely far off but we got percentage errors greater than 5%. This margin of error could be attributed to the fact we are in the assumption that the pulley is massless and frictionless, this couldn’t have been the case. Part 3: Trial 1 2 3 4 5 6 Acceleration m/s^2 9.804 9.648 9.540 9.661 9.774 9.505 Percent Error .0611 1.70 2.75 1.52 .367 3.11 Average acceleration: 9.655 m/s 2 Standard Deviation: 0.110