Lab 2 - Electric Fields - Completed

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Arizona State University *

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112

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Physics

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Apr 3, 2024

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PHY112 Lab 02 Name Sydney Hveem Electric Fields Section 12531 Download and run the PhET Field of Dreams Simulation . Use the simulation to answer all of the following questions. Part 1 ̶ Observations 1. At the top of the simulation, select electric field>set discreetness, and set the discreetness to 15. What changed? 2. Click on the properties button. Make sure it is set to -1 C and 1 kg. Click done and then add. Record your detailed observations on the table on the next page. Click the remove button. Click on the properties button. Set it to -5 C and 1 kg. Click done and then add. Record your observations on the table. Your observations should indicate how these results differ from the original results. Click the remove button. Click on the properties button. Set it to -1 C and 5 kg. Click done and then add. Record your observations on the table. Your observations should indicate how these results differ from the original results. Remove the particle. Repeat this process for positive and zero-charged particles. You may include screenshots of each scenario instead of a written description, but you must describe how the current scenario compares to the original charged-particle results. The field expanded to show 15 particles per column and row.

Type and Amount of charge ( C ) Mass of charge (kg) Detailed and specific observations

-1 1 The particle was added at the bottom of the page. We can see that the charge is negative due to the arrows pointing towards the particle. The arrows closest to the mass are heavily pointed at it. Arrows farther away from the particle point towards it less. -5 1 The particle added on the top right side of the field. Arrows that are farther from the particle in the column it is in heavily point towards it. Due to the charge being higher than the previous charge, the arrows are more attracted to the mass. -1 5 The particle was placed in a similar position as the -1 charge with a mass of 1 kg. We can see that the charge is negative due to the arrows pointing towards the particle. The arrows closest to the mass are heavily pointed at it. Arrows farther away from the particle point towards it less. +1 1 The particle is placed in the upper left corner of the field. Due to the positive charge, we can see that the arrows point away from the particle. Arrows closest to the particle a repelled more heavily than arrows further away from the particle.

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+5 1 The particle is placed near the middle of the field. Arrows that are farther away from the particle are repelling more heavily than the particle with a +1 charge with a mass of 1 kg. +1 5 The particle is placed near the bottom right corner of the field. The appearance of the field is similar to the particle with a +1 charge with a mass of 1 kg. Due to the positive charge, we can see that the arrows point away from the particle. Arrows closest to the particle a repelled more heavily than arrows further away from the particle. 0 1 The particle is placed near the right edge of the field. There are no arrows, therefore there are no attracting or repelling forces. 3. What can you conclude from these observations? Be specific and detailed. The charge of the particle affects how strong the attracting or repelling forces that field has. A stronger negative charge has a higher attracting force than a weaker negative charge. We can see this with the particle that has a -1C charge with a mass of 1 kg and the particle that has a -5C charge with a mass of 1 kg. The particle with the -5C charge attracted parts of the field that were farther away than the particle with the -1C. Similarly, a stronger positive charge has a higher repelling force than a weaker positive charge. We can see this with the particle that has a +1C charge with a mass of 1 kg and the particle that has a +5C charge with a mass of 1 kg. The

4. Remove all particles from the box. Add two particles, both with a - 1.0 C charge and 1 kg of mass. Pause the simulation and use the mouse to move the particles so they have the following arrangement Describe, sketch, or include a screen shot of the results of this arrangement in the appropriate space on the data table on the next page. Use the mouse to move the particles to various locations. What do you observe when the particles are close together? When they are far away? Record your observations on the data table. Press play. The particles should now be in motion. Describe the observed motion on the data table. Be specific (i.e., Are they constant speed or changing speed? Do they attract or repel? ). Remove all the particles from the box. Repeat the previous process using two +1.0 C charges. Your observations should also indicate how these results differ from the original results. Remove all the particles from the box. Repeat the previous process using one +1.0 C and one -1.0 C particle. Pause the simulation, and use the mouse to move the particles so they have the following arrangement: Repeat all of the observations made with the previous combinations of charges. Record your observations on the data table. In your observation descriptions, indicate how these results differ from the original results. Combinations of Charge Observations Two negative Two positive One negative and one positive Screen shot or sketch results of initial arrangement Particles are close The arrows point away The arrows closest to the The arrows around the - - + -

together from the opposite particle. The arrows closest to the particles point towards their respective particle. particles point away from their respective particle. Even when close together, the arrows will not point toward the opposite particle. positive particle point away from it. The arrows around the negative particle point towards it. For the arrows in between both particles, the arrows point towards the negative particle. Particles are far apart The arrows closest to the particles will point towards their respective particle. The arrows point away from their respective particle. The force cancels near the middle of the field. The arrows around the positive particle point away from it. The arrows still point towards the negative particle but with less force due to it being farther away. The arrows near the negative particle point towards it. Particles are in motion When in motion, the particles will stay on opposite ends of the electric field, thus repelling each other. The particles move at a constant speed. When in motion, the particles will stay on opposite ends of the electric field, thus repelling each other. The particles move at a constant speed. Both particles move around each other but never touch. They are attracted to each other. 5. What can you conclude from these observations? Be specific and detailed. The electric field will be drawn to negative particles but if two negative particles are placed in the same electric field, they will repel each other and will move at a constant speed away from each other. For positive particles, the electric field will point away from the them. If two positive particles are placed in the same electric field, they will also repel each other and will move away from each other at a constant speed. When a positive and negative particle are placed in the same electric field, the positive charge will repel against the field but will be attracted to the negative particle. Both particles will attract each other and move at a constant speed.

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6. Remove all particles from the box. In the lower right hand corner of the simulation, click in the box marked external field. Change the size and direction of the external field arrow in the box. How does this affect the simulation area? 7. Add one positive and one negative particle to the box with an external field present. Describe the behavior of the particles in the field. Be specific. Part 2 ̶ Analysis 1. What is an electric field? When the size and direction of the external field changes, the direction and strength of the electric field changes. When a positive particle is added to the field, it moves in the opposite direction of the field. When a negative particle is added to the field, it moves in the same direction of the field. Electric fields are used as a way to visualize the space near a charge. It helps us see the force that a charge applies to other nearby charges.

2. What causes electric fields to form? 3. What are two factors that help determine the strength of an electric field at any given point in space? How can you show these different strengths in your drawings of electric fields? 4. What determines the direction of an electric field at any given point in space? Compare and contrast the electric fields formed by positive and negative charges. Be specific. 5. Compare and contrast uniform fields with nonuniform fields. In your discussion, be sure to indicate how each type of field is created. Electric fields are formed by charge. They are created by forces applied to a source charge on test charge. One factor that determines the strength of an electric field is the magnitude of the charge. Another factor is the distance from the charge to the source. These can be shown by adding the numerical charges for both the positive and negative particles as well as showing the numerical distance between the two particles. The direction of the electric field is determined by the direction of the positive test charge placed at that point. For positive charges, the arrows move away from the particle, meaning that the force repels away from the positive charge. For negative charges, the arrows move toward the particle, meaning the force is attracted to the negative charge. Uniform electric fields are formed when two conductive plates are placed parallel to each other. The field strength is the same at all points in between the plates. The direction of the field is consistent and doesn’t change. Conversely, nonuniform electric fields are created by differing charges and spacing between the charges. The magnitude and direction can be different at different points in the field. To compare, the strength of a uniform field is consistent while the strength of a nonuniform field can vary. The direction of a uniform field is constant while the direction of a nonuniform field can vary.

6. What happens when two or more electric fields overlap? Compare and contrast the electric fields formed with two positive charges versus two negative charges versus one of each type present. 7. When one charged particle is in the system, there is no motion unless the cursor pushes the particle. When two or more charged particles are in the system, the particles are no longer motionless. Explain this behavior. 8. Explain the difference between an electric force and an electric field. When two or more electric fields overlap, it causes superposition. This means that the total electric field is the vector sum of all individual electric fields from the charges that present. For two positive or two negative charges superpose, the net electric field is stronger in the space between the charges and weaker on the outside of the charges. For one positive charge and one negative charge, the net electric field is weaker between the charges. Per Newton’s first law, when an object is at rest it will stay at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion unless acted upon by a net external force. This is why no motion occurs until the cursor pushes the particle. When two more charged particles are present, the charged particles exert forces on each other through electric force per Coulomb’s law. The force between the charges are directly proportional to their magnitudes and inversely proportional to the square distance between them. An electric force is the attraction or repulsion between two charged objects. An electric field is the space around a charged object where another charged object experiences a force. One limitation is that the two-dimensional model does not accurately represent what happens. In reality, electric fields exist in three dimensions. The two-dimensional model also doesn’t give quantitative data of the magnitude of the fields.

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9. What are some of the limitations of this two-dimensional model of electric fields? Part 3 – Final Conclusions and Summary Give a concise summary of the findings for this lab. What do you understand now that you did not understand before? Be specific. In summary, the charge of the particle affects how strong the attracting or repelling forces that field has. The direction of the electric field is determined by the direction of the positive test charge placed at that point. For positive charges, the arrows move away from the particle, meaning that the force repels away from the positive charge. For negative charges, the arrows move toward the particle, meaning the force is attracted to the negative charge. Now that I have visually modeled how charges interact with each other and their electric fields, I can see now see how electric forces work. By altering the magnitude of the charges, I can see how the field is altered. This is difficult to understand without modeling an electric field.

Lab 2 - Electric Fields - Completed

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