Philosophy 100 - Final Review-2

PHIL 100 - Final Review Part A (14 easy points) Fill in the blank: 1. According to Lucian of Samosata, believing in ____________________ erases moral responsibility. 2. When we do philosophy dialectically, by means of questions-and-answers, we are practicing REASON . 3. In Plato’s Republic , who believes justice is about helping friends and harming enemies? POLEMARCHUS . 4. According to Plato, which class of citizens should possess the virtue of courage? AUXILIARIES . 5. Aristotle’s ethical theory is based on the idea that human beings have a function , which is REASON . 6. Which philosopher or group of philosophers say, “the intensity of the pain depends on the state of mind of the sufferer, not on its own intrinsic nature.” Stoics . 8. The Epicureans traced most human unhappiness to our fear of vain desires and worldly dangers . 9. Thomas Aquinas argues that we are not required to follow an unjust law because it degrades humans, . 10.To illustrate his concept of the good will, Kant uses the metaphor of ____________________. 11. Early critics of utilitarianism contended that it was a doctrine worthy of ____________________. 12. According to Marx and Engels, the culmination of the struggle between the bourgeoisie and proletariat classes will be reached with the abolition of ____________________. 13.De Beauvoir’s ethics of ambiguity turns on the crucial distinction between ambiguity and ____________________. 14.What does Rawls call the result of the reasoning process where we go back and forth between principles and basic convictions, adjusting both where needed? ____________________. Part B (2 x 3 points) Briefly answer both of the following questions (3 points each): 1. What does freedom mean for Simone de Beauvoir?

2. Why does John Rawls reject utilitarianism? Part C (10 x 2 points) In the space provided, give brief definitions and/or explanations of the following terms (2 points each): 1. bourgeoisie 2. categorical imperative 3. cradle argument 4. guardians 5. legal moralism 6. negative resistance 7. original position 8. philosophical definition 9. principle of utility 10.Ring of Gyges Part D (2 x 10 points) Write essay answers to any two of the following questions (10 points each). Your answers should directly respond to the question in complete sentences. Assume you are writing for someone who is familiar with the texts. Your answer should be complete enough to score 10 points: 400-600 words is a good target length. 1. Sometimes when we apply moral principles such as the principle of utility or the categorical imperative, we are bothered by feelings of guilt, regret, etc., because we have to deny help to one group of people in order to assist others who need it more. But why should we have these feelings if we are doing the right thing according to the principle? Should ethical theories take our feelings into account, or disregard them as irrelevant? 2. We often hear about basic human rights . According to the United Nations, these include “the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work and education, and many more. Everyone is entitled to these rights, without discrimination.” In your opinion, which of the moral theories we have studied this term would best be able to secure basic human rights, and why? 3. Is private property a moral good? If so, what role does it play in human welfare or happiness and how should it be distributed? If not, what should we do about our current property laws and how should we understand the products of our labour? Discuss in connection with two authors we have studied this term.