Week 3 Journal
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Jan 9, 2024
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Week 3 Journal
Caitlin Thomas
Chamberlain University
Phil 347: Critical Reasoning
Dr. Barkauskas
November 26, 2023
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Inference
Deductive arguments provide conclusive proof for their conclusions, while inductive arguments make their conclusions probable based on the evidence provided in the premises. "Valid" refers to a deductive argument that guarantees the truth of the conclusion if the premises are true, while "warranted" is often used in the context of inductive arguments, where the premises make the conclusion probable but not certain. Understanding the lexical definitions and
connotations of "valid" and "warranted" can help us comprehend the differing purposes of deductive and inductive arguments.
Fallacy: Denying the Antecedent
Let's take the fallacy of "Denying the Antecedent" and pair it with its valid argument template, which is "Denying the Consequent". The fallacy of Denying the Antecedent is a logical
error that occurs when someone infers the inverse from the original statement. It takes the form: If A, then B. Not A. Therefore, not B. An example of this would be if it is raining then the ground
is wet. It is not raining right now therefore the ground is not wet. This is a fallacy because there could be other reasons for the ground to be wet, such as someone having a sprinkler running or a fire hydrant breaking. The valid argument template that corresponds to this fallacy is Denying the Consequent. It takes the form: If A, then B. Not A. Therefore, not B. An example of this would be if it is raining, then the ground is wet. The ground is not wet. Therefore, it is not raining. This is a valid argument because if the ground is not wet, it logically follows that it is not
raining. Revealing the Fallacy
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Understanding the valid argument template helps reveal the fallacy. In the valid argument, the denial of the consequent (A) leads to the denial of the antecedent (B). This is logical because if the result (B) does not occur, then the cause (A) must not have occurred. However, in the fallacy, the denial of the antecedent (A) is used to infer the denial of the consequent (B). This is illogical because the absence of the cause (A) does not necessarily mean the absence of the result (B). There could be other causes that lead to the same result. In other words, just like knowing how the heart works helps us understand what can go wrong, understanding the valid argument template helps us see why the fallacious argument is incorrect Falcione & Gittens (2016).
Civic Responsibility
Studying the 2009 healthcare public option debate is subjective and depends on one's goals. As a nursing student with a focus on public health, completing the exercise is not a waste of time. Healthy People 2030 would cover issues on which I think a comparable amount of time and effort would be worthwhile. The Healthy People 2030 initiative outlines important public health priorities that are relevant to my field and career. It provides guidance for individuals, communities, and organizations to improve their well-being. Healthy People 2030 builds on insights gained over four decades (US Department of Health and Human Services, n.d.). Obligation to be Informed
Being informed on current topics is crucial for critical thinking. It helps you form your opinions, engage in discussions, and take action. But balance is key; choosing relevant topics to avoid information overload allows one to focus on issues that are up-to-date and relevant to one’s goals.
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References:
Facione, P. A., & Gittens, C. A. (2016). Think critically (3rd ed.). Pearson.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). About Healthy People 2030 - Healthy People 2030 | Health.gov
. health.gov. https://health.gov/healthypeople/about#:~:text=What%20is%20Healthy%20People
%202030,over%20the%20first%204%20decades.