Mandatory Vaccinations: Supporting Ethical Perspectives in Public Health

1 Annotated Bibliography Caitlin Thomas Chamberlain University Phil 347: Critical Reasoning Dr. Barkauskas December 3, 2023

2 Annotated Bibliography Thesis: Mandatory vaccinations should be implemented in public institutions like schools, hospitals, and businesses to ensure herd immunity and protect public health. Mandatory vaccinations can be considered ethical from various perspectives, including public health, individual rights, and social responsibility. Annotation 1: Betsch, C., Wieler, L. H., & Habersaat, K. (2020). We are monitoring behavioral insights related to COVID-19. The Lancet, 395(10232), 1255-1256 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30729-7/fulltext In Germany, the Weekly COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring (COSMO) was initiated on March 3, 2020, and is now being shared as a blueprint for other countries. The data collection and sharing were used to evaluate the public’s perception and develop a disaster plan in response to the pandemic outbreak. Initiatives and interventions such as vaccines, social distancing, and personal protective equipment in public spaces were implemented in response to the pandemic outbreak. The article highlights the data from the study regarding the public’s perception of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, and how social perception and behavioral insights affect healthcare provider’s response to the disaster. Source Evaluation : 2a. This source is current as it was published in 2020 by the highly recognized medical journal The Lancet. The information has been researched and statistics have been provided as evidence

3 to support the argument. Clinical trials have been conducted and all data has been carefully reviewed by medical experts. 2b. This source is scholarly and provides reliable, factual, and valid data. The authors are professionals in their field, who conducted research and collected data to be published. The data they collected was also reviewed by other experts and considered relevant and accurate. 2c. This source supports my claim that primary prevention measures, such as mandatory vaccinations, are beneficial to society as a whole, but heavily influenced by the public’s perception of safety. 2d. This source is popular as it provides clear concise data collected at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak, and the public’s perception of implementation of interventions for primary prevention. Annotation 2: Giubilini, A., Douglas, T., & Savulescu, J. (2018). The moral obligation to be vaccinated: utilitarianism, contractualism, and collective easy rescue . Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 21(4), 547-560. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6267229/ This article supports my thesis that people who can get vaccinated and don't have any medical reasons not to, should get vaccinated to help achieve herd immunity. The article supports the belief that everyone has a moral obligation to contribute to herd immunity, which strengthens the argument for mandatory vaccination policies. The two arguments to support this moral obligation are a utilitarian argument based on Parfit's Principle of Group Beneficence, and a contractualist argument. There is also another argument that doesn't require embracing comprehensive moral

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4 theories, which is based on a "duty of easy rescue" applied to groups and a principle of fairness in the distribution of the burdens that must be borne to achieve herd immunity. Source Evaluation 2a. This source is current considering it was published in 2018, in The Journal of Medicine, Healthcare, and Philosophy. The arguments in the article provided support philosophical ideals for moral obligations to a society based on the utilitarian theory, group beneficence principal, and contractual obligation theory. It has been peer-reviewed and analyzed since its publication. 2b. The Journal of Medicine, Healthcare, and Philosophy is a highly respected journal that publishes many articles relating to ethics in medicine and healthcare. The authors are experts in their fields holding degrees obtained from the highly renowned Oxford University, which makes this a credible source of information. 2c. This source strongly supports my thesis that vaccinations should be mandatory in public institutions to protect the health and safety of the public by preventing the spread of preventable diseases and strengthening herd immunity for those who cannot receive vaccinations due to medical reasons. 2d. This source is popular because it shows the ethical concerns regarding the moral obligation to protect the safety of the general public, highlighting ethical principles such as utilitarian theory, social contract, and group beneficence. Annotation 3.

5 Mello, M. M., Silverman, R. D., & Omer, S. B. (2019). Ensuring uptake of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. The New England Journal of Medicine, 383(14), 1296 1299. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2020926 This article provides support for my thesis, and also provides perceptions for the opposing argument. It highlights the efficacy of ensuring the uptake of all vaccinations, including COVID-19, starting by implementing mandatory vaccination programs in public schools and healthcare settings. The article explains that mandatory vaccination has been proven to be effective in ensuring high immunization rates among children in many high-income countries, and provides triggering concerns to be considered in the opposition of mandatory vaccines, including safety and ethical concerns. Source Evaluation: 2a. This particular source that I am referencing was published in 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The data that it contains is current and up-to-date and is directly relevant to the thesis statement and research paper that I am working on. The research and data provided within the source is highly relevant to the claim that I am making. 2b. This article was published in the New England Journal of Medicine which is a highly respected medical journal that publishes credible peer-reviewed research provided by experts in the field. The authors have obtained degrees in public health ranging from master's degrees to doctorate degrees. Their credentials obtained make their expertise reliable and relevant. 2c. This source also provides information that does not support my thesis. It will be used as a reference for the opposing side so the audience can get a full picture of both sides of the argument.

6 2d. As for this source, it shows both sides of the argument of public perceptions for and against mandatory vaccinations. It is a popular source as it provides insight from experts in their respective fields. Annotation 4: Navin, M. C., & Largent, M. A. (2017). Improving nonmedical vaccine exemption policies: Three case studies. Public Health Ethics, 10(3), 225-234. https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phw047 This source presents an argument against the elimination of non-medical exemptions. It suggests that there are significant moral reasons to offer such exemptions and that getting rid of them may lead to negative social and political consequences. The authors recommend that non- medical exemptions should continue to be available to those who object for both religious and secular reasons. To decrease the exemption rates, the authors propose that the application process should be made more difficult. The authors support their argument with examples of recent policy changes in three US states. Source Evaluation : 2a. This source is from 2017, which makes it older than five years old, but still provides information and insight that is relevant to my claim and thesis by providing perspectives for the opposing population regarding ethical concerns for autonomy. The case studies presented are historically significant as they are relevant to current events. 2b. Public Health Ethics is a textbook that is used in education regarding public health. The source has been used to provide students at universities around the globe with insights and data from experts in the public health field worldwide. Navin, M. of the Department of Philosophy,

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7 Oakland University and Largent, M. of James Madison College and Lyman Briggs College, Michigan State University are both professors at their respective universities and are considered experts in their fields. 2c. This source does not support my thesis. It will be used as a reference for the opposing side so the audience can gain perspective from both positions of the argument. 2d. When it comes to mandatory vaccinations the opinions are split. Some people agree that it is necessary, while others do not. As for this source, it is anti-mandatory-vaccination. This source is popular as it shows the viewpoints of philosophy and public health professionals. Annotation 5: Nies, M., & McEwen, M. (2019). Community/public health nursing: Promoting the health of populations (7th ed.). Saunders. This source provides information supporting the claim that vaccination is an effective way to ensure herd immunity as a primary prevention strategy to prevent the spread of communicable diseases in the community. The textbook provides evidence-based data supported by peer-reviewed research and case studies. This source supports my claim that mandatory vaccinations promote herd immunity and protect the safety of those who are immunocompromised or medically exempt from receiving vaccinations. Source Evaluation:

8 2a. This source was published in 2019 and provides current and relevant data for the promotion of public health and safety. The data that it contains is current and up-to-date and is directly relevant to the thesis statement and research paper that I am writing. 2b. This source is a textbook used at Chamberlain University, and other universities, for educating nursing students. Dr. Nies is the former Dean of the Idaho State University School of Nursing and is a behavioral nurse scientist with a research focus on community interventions promoting public health and safety. Dr. McEwen has been a nursing professor for more than 25 years at the University of Texas and has published numerous articles in medical and nursing journals. Her research interests include vaccinations and immunization policies. 2c. This source supports my claim that vaccinations promote public safety and herd immunity protects those who cannot receive vaccinations from contracting preventable communicable diseases. This source also supports my claim that an increased number of vaccination rates decreases the prevalence rate of a disease in a given community. 2d. This source is popular as it provides accurate and relevant statistics and datasets, as well as peer-reviewed research to support the claim that vaccinations reduce the prevalence rate and incidence rate of diseases the vaccines are aimed to prevent. Annotation 6: Ndugga. N., & Artiga S. (2018) Disparities in health and health care: five key questions and answers. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. https://www.kff.org/disparitiespolicy/issue-brief/disparities-in-health-and-health-care five-key-questions-and-answers/ .

9 The article provides five key takeaways highlighting the inequalities and health disparities among minority and marginalized populations including health care coverage and access to health care. This source suggests that Mandatory vaccination policies have the potential to exacerbate pre-existing inequalities since certain groups may experience difficulties in accessing healthcare and vaccines. This can create obstacles in complying with mandatory vaccination policies, posing challenges for them to access public institutions. Source Evaluation: 2a. This article was published in 2018 making it current and relevant to the topic. It provides recent and up-to-date datasets and peer-reviewed research highlighting the health disparities among minority and marginalized populations that directly affect their access to healthcare. 2b. Nambi Ndugga is a Policy Analyst with KFF’s Racial Equity and Health Policy Program. Nambi holds a Master of Public Health from Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Samantha Artiga is vice president and director of the Racial Equity and Health Policy Program. Artiga holds a master’s degree in health policy from George Washington University. Both authors are considered experts in their field. 2c. This source opposes my claim that vaccinations should be mandatory in public schools and institutions on the premise that mandatory vaccinations promote inequality among marginalized populations due to health disparities resulting in limited access to public institutions for minority, marginalized, and low-income populations. 2d. This source is popular because it shows the opinion of those who are not in agreement with mandatory vaccinations with premises that are valid with the support of credible research data. Annotation 7

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10 Pierik, R. (2018). Mandatory vaccination: an unqualified defense . The Journal of Applied Philosophy, 35(2), 381-398. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/japp.12215 This article presents an argument for why childhood vaccinations should be considered a legal obligation rather than a choice for parents. With the decrease in vaccination rates, the government should ensure that children are vaccinated to avoid preventable suffering and death. Additionally, mandatory vaccinations help protect the common good by guarding against herd immunity, which is necessary to protect vulnerable individuals. The article rejects legal and pragmatic objections against mandatory vaccination laws. 2a. This article was published in 2018, making it older, but still relevant. The article addresses ethical dilemmas surrounding mandatory vaccinations and current aspects regarding parental rights, and legal and moral obligations to protect children from preventable diseases. 2b. The article was written by Professor Dr. Roland Pierik, professor of Philosophy of law and chair of the Department of Foundations of Law. This article was published in Journal of Applied Philosophy. Dr. Pierik is an expert in his field and a reliable source of information surrounding ethics in health promotion. 2c. This article strongly supports my argument that childhood vaccinations should not be seen as part of the domain of parental choice but, instead, as a non-negotiable legal obligation.

11 2d. This source is popular as it provides insight reflecting on the 2015 Disneyland outbreak of measles in the US which highlighted the evidence that the decline in vaccination rates resulted in a rising number of outbreaks. Annotation 8. Rachels, S., & Rachels, J. (2019). The elements of moral philosophy (9th ed. ). Mcgraw-Hill Education. This source is a textbook used at Chamberlain University, and other universities, for educating nursing students. It details the elements of ethics and moral philosophy in regard to healthcare practices. This textbook provides detailed definitions of the rights of patients and ethical dilemmas surrounding healthcare. The book details that medical ethics uphold the principle of autonomy, implying that individuals have the right to make informed decisions about their healthcare. This textbook also explains utilitarian theory, ethical egoism, and social contract as it applies to nursing practice. 2a. This textbook was published in 2018. It is five years old, the information is current and relevant to the topic of mandatory vaccinations and public health protection. 2b. James Rachels is a distinguished American moral philosopher at Mercer University in Macon in 1962. Stuart Rachels is an associate professor specializing in ethical theory. Holding a Ph.D., Stuart Rachels was educated at Emory University, the University of Oxford, and Syracuse University. These credentials prove that James and Stuart Rachels are both experts and credible sources of information.

12 2c. This source provides supportive and oppositional perceptions to my thesis statement. The textbook highlights definitions and opinions of those for and against mandatory vaccinations and health care policies surrounding vaccinations. 2d. This is a popular source used by many healthcare education institutions to provide continued learning regarding the ethical and philosophical viewpoints surrounding moral dilemmas in healthcare. First, nearsightedness is a typical torment (one out of four American adults is nearsighted), and adolescents becoming nearsighted is starting to be a more profound issue. The results from the study

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13 done by Quinn et al., indicate that light cycles may affect the development of myopia. They have reported a strong association between childhood myopia and night-time lighting before the age of two. A smaller survey of 479 children found that last year babies

14 under the age of two who slept in a partially lit room were up to five times more likely to develop myopia than compared to children who slept in the dark. However, the latest findings cast doubt on the conclusions drawn from the research and will reassure the parents who

15 allow their children to sleep in a room with dim lighting (Zadnik et al., 2000). The authors concluded a relationship between myopia and genetics instead of lighting factors. The second study highlighted that a difference in Quinn et al., the study was that their sample is not representative of juvenile

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16 myopes. In fact, it was drawn from a tertiary pediatric ophthalmology clinic, with a median age of eight (Zadnik et al., 2000). Such casual explanations are often arguments because one if making a case for a particular cause, or set of causes, over another equally plausible cause or set of clauses. It

17 involved determining which of the several possible explanations is the best account for a given phenomenon or occurrence (Facione & Gittens, 2016).

Annotated Bibliography

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