Ancient Greek Philosophers Sophia Unit one Milestone 1

docx

School

Capella University *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

HUM1500

Subject

Philosophy

Date

Jan 9, 2024

Type

docx

Pages

Uploaded by SuperPencil12852

Roland is a compassionate person. He sometimes gives money that he needs for himself to strangers who beg on the street. According to Aristotle’s ethics, Roland should do which of the following in order to cultivate the virtue of compassion?  Find other ways to help people besides giving his money away.  Spend time with compassionate people in order to learn the essence of compassion.  Find middle ground between being too compassionate and not compassionate enough.  Stop giving away his money so that he can focus on taking care of himself. RATIONALE Aristotle's Doctrine of the Mean states that virtue must be cultivated as a rational mean between extremes. Therefore, Roland should find middle ground between being too compassionate and not compassionate enough in order to cultivate the virtue of compassion. CONCEPT Aristotle's Highest Good Report an issue with this question 2 When Crito tries to convince Socrates that he must not betray his own life, how does Socrates respond?  He says that what is right is often misunderstood by mortals and must be left to the gods.  He says that he is not afraid of dying and knows that his followers will restore his good name.  He says that life would not be worth living if the principle of justice was violated.  He says that all life has value, but society determines the fate of man. RATIONALE

In the Crito , Socrates' friend (Crito) tried to convince him to escape and avoid execution. Socrates refused to do so, and explained why escape would be wrong. Socrates asserted that not all life has intrinsic value; only the good life does. Since he believed that he would violate the principle of justice (established by the Social Contract) by avoiding death, Socrates refused to avoid it. CONCEPT The Crito: The Duties of the Social Contract Report an issue with this question 3 Which of the following statements about Aristotle's metaphysics is FALSE?  Aristotle's ultimate conclusion was that the nature of reality was change.  The first philosophy for Aristotle was ontology, which examines the nature of being.  Aristotle defined a particular as “a this” to distinguish it from a universal.  For Aristotle, existence requires matter and form— not one or the other, but both. RATIONALE Aristotle would agree with all of these statements except the suggestion that the nature of reality is change. To Aristotle, reality is what we can observe. It can be described as a substance and a way of being, or matter and form. CONCEPT Aristotle on What There Is Report an issue with this question 4 “As a physicist, I see all elements as either connected by love or separated by conflict.” Which ancient philosopher would most likely have made this statement?

 Pythagoras  Anaxagoras  Xenophanes  Empedocles RATIONALE Empedocles was a Pre-Socratic philosopher and physicist who believed that everything in the cosmos was made up of six metaphysical entities. He believed that, rather than beginning and ending, everything in the universe resulted from the continuous mixing and separation of these entities. Although Empedocles's ideas were informed by the Pythagorean doctrine of reincarnation, Pythagoras is not the correct answer because he was not a physicist. CONCEPT Cosmology and the First Philosophers Report an issue with this question 5 According to Plato’s doctrine of the Forms, is Leonardo da Vinci's painting, the Mona Lisa , beauty?  No, because it only participates in the Form of Beauty.  No, because not everyone agrees that it represents that which is beautiful.  Yes, if each individual applies his or her concept of beauty to the painting.  Yes, if beauty represents all that is good in Platonic Heaven. RATIONALE Plato's doctrine of the Forms states that the essences of all things, including beauty, exist in Platonic Heaven. Worldly objects are what they are because they participate in their corresponding Form. The Mona Lisa is a beautiful painting because it participates, or imitates, the Form of Beauty. It is not, in itself, beauty. CONCEPT

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Applying Plato's Metaphysics Report an issue with this question 6 Which of the following statements about the atomistic worldview is FALSE?  Philosophical atoms of different shapes and consistencies are the fundamental components of reality.  Everything in the universe exists as a single atom, or a collection of atoms.  The worldview of philosophical atomists, with some revisions, has been adopted by contemporary science.  The philosophical worldview of the early Greek atomists had great influence on philosophical, scientific, and religious thinking, but only for a brief period of time. RATIONALE The philosophical worldview of the early Greek atomists has continued to have an impact throughout history. Atomism has been adopted and modified by contemporary science, and has had a lasting influence on religion and theology. CONCEPT The Atomistic Worldview Report an issue with this question 7 Recall the similarities and differences between Plato and Aristotle's philosophical approaches. Select the statement that would most likely have been made by Plato, rather than by Aristotle.  “In order to find truth, we must first identify what makes a thing what it is, its essence.  “My ideas have served as a starting point for both philosophy and the physical sciences.”

 “My approach is scientific and empirical; we learn about truth from observation and discovery.”  “I teach by example and I live by what I teach, no matter the consequences.” RATIONALE Plato proposed the existence of essences in his doctrine of the Forms. As a result, it is more likely that he would have made this statement. As a rationalist philosopher, Plato believed that knowledge does not rely on human senses alone, and can be accessed through the existence of essences. The statements which involve science and empiricism are reflective of Aristotle's views. The statement about teaching and living by example is reflective of Socrates' philosophy. CONCEPT Aristotle: The Dissection of Reality Report an issue with this question 8 Socrates differed from the pre-Socratics in that his interests were primarily in __________.  how the universe works  the true nature of reality  ethics and epistemology  cosmology and natural philosophy RATIONALE The focus of Socrates' philosophy was different from that of the Pre- Socratic philosophers. He investigated questions involving ethics and epistemology. The Pre-Socratic philosophers had focused on natural philosophy and cosmology. CONCEPT Socrates: The Father of Western Philosophy Report an issue with this question 9

The philosophical value of the Socratic Method is described in all of the following statements, EXCEPT:  Students learn from interacting with each other, and the teacher facilitates this process.  Students answer questions to which they know the answers, and are led by the teacher to new truths.  The Socratic Method guides students to understanding rather than requiring them to memorize facts.  The emphasis is on finding truth, not on “winning” an argument. RATIONALE The Socratic Method does not facilitate learning through students' interaction with one another. Rather, it is an exchange between student and teacher, in which the teacher uses the student's knowledge to guide him or her to truth. CONCEPT The Socratic Approach Report an issue with this question 10 Choose the statement that describes a central theme of Parmenidean metaphysics.  Mortal and divine knowledge can be joined.  The world is composed of linked opposites.  The opinions of mortals are universally reliable.  The universe consists of one, unchanging entity. RATIONALE Parmenidean metaphysics includes the concept of "substance monism" — the belief that all reality is one object. This object is called the “what-is.” The "what-is" is eternal and unchanging. None of the other statements represent Parmenidean metaphysics. CONCEPT

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Parmenides and the Doctrine of Permanence Report an issue with this question 11 All of the following are central tenets of Aristotle’s ethics, EXCEPT:  An action is evaluated based on how it informs character.  Knowing the essence of a thing can justify a belief.  Any virtue can become a vice.  Something is good when it excels at its function. RATIONALE Aristotelian ethics are concerned with topics which include determining what makes actions good or bad, and how to define virtue. According to Aristotelian ethics, it is important to know the essence of a thing, not because it can justify a belief, but because it determines function which, in turn, determines virtue or excellence. CONCEPT Aristotle's Highest Good Report an issue with this question 12 All teachers are robots. Cynthia is a teacher. Therefore, Cynthia is a robot. Evaluate the argument and select the option that describes it.  Inductive, weak, uncogent  Deductive, valid, unsound  Inductive, strong, cogent  Deductive, invalid, sound RATIONALE

Because the inferential claim in this example is one of logical certainty, and is about definition and form rather than cause and effect, this is a deductive argument. Since a case in which the premises are true and the conclusion is false cannot exist, this argument is valid. However, this argument is unsound because the first premise is false: Not all teachers are robots. CONCEPT Evaluating an Argument in Action Report an issue with this question 13 Fred believes that the death penalty is ethically wrong. After watching a documentary about capital punishment, he discussed his belief with his wife. Choose the statement from Fred that is NOT consistent with his belief.  “The threat of the death penalty does not deter criminals from committing crimes.”  “Humans must not play God by deciding when someone’s life should end.”  “If someone harmed a member of our family, I believe he would deserve death.”  “No matter the offense, the state should never use death as punishment.” RATIONALE To live philosophically, a person must examine his or her beliefs to ground them in knowledge, and then act according to those beliefs. By making an exception to his position on the death penalty for people who harmed a member of his family, Fred displays an inconsistent philosophical worldview. CONCEPT Philosophical Analysis as a Way of Life Report an issue with this question 14 Which of the following is the most important tenet of Stoicism?

 To let go of what we cannot control  To resist playing a role  To understand that reality is either good or bad  To feed our desires RATIONALE Stoicism is a philosophy that encourages us to focus only on what we can control (e.g., our desires, emotions, judgments, and reactions). We should not be upset by things that are beyond our control. Stoicism encourages us to reduce desire and to view reality as neither good nor bad. CONCEPT Stoicism: The Ethics of Dispassion Report an issue with this question 15 For Plato, the Forms are the __________ foundation of reality, which means that knowledge of reality is grounded in knowledge of the Forms.  metaphysical  logical  ethical  natural RATIONALE Plato was interested in abstract concepts (e.g., being and substance). These concepts are the subjects of the field of philosophy known as metaphysics. Plato wanted to know how these concepts exist in reality (i.e., their essences). Therefore, Plato's Forms were his metaphysical notion of the essences that ground the knowledge of reality. CONCEPT

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Plato's Forms: The Objects of Knowledge Report an issue with this question 16 In the passage below, Socrates imagines a dialogue between himself and Athens, personified as the laws: “Then the laws will say: ‘Consider, Socrates, if we are speaking truly that in your present attempt you are going to do us an injury. For, having brought you into the world, and nurtured and educated you, and given you and every other citizen a share in every good which we had to give, we further proclaim to any Athenian by the liberty which we allow him, that if he does not like us when he has become of age and has seen the ways of the city, and made our acquaintance, he may go where he pleases and take his goods with him. None of us laws will forbid him or interfere with him. Anyone who does not like us and the city, and who wants to emigrate to a colony or to any other city, may go where he likes, retaining his property. But he who has experience of the manner in which we order justice and administer the state, and still remains, has entered into an implied contract that he will do as we command him.’” Reconstruct the argument from this text and choose the sentence that accurately states the main premise of Socrates’ argument.  Socrates believes that taking advantage of opportunities to save his life would be giving in to his enemies, and approving his own destruction.  Our senses do not provide us with truth, so the soul must attain truth without the distraction and deception caused by bodily experiences.  By neither leaving Athens nor attempting to change its laws, Socrates consented to the terms of a Social Contract with Athens.  An unjust act is obvious, just as a just act is obvious, but unless we know the true essence of justice, we cannot judge others. RATIONALE In this selection from the Crito , "the laws" remind Socrates that Athens has provided him many benefits, including sustenance, education, and liberty, including the freedom to leave Athens with all of his worldly

property if chose to do so. However, anyone (including Socrates) who "still remains . . . has entered into an implied contract . . .” to obey the laws and judgements of the state. The main premise of Socrates' argument, therefore, is that since he neither left Athens nor attempted to change its laws, he has consented to the terms of a Social Contract with the state. CONCEPT The Apology: Socrates' Arguments Report an issue with this question 17 Choose the example that best demonstrates a central tenet of Stoicism.  Mr. Donovan insists that he begin each morning with pastry and a cup of sweet tea.  Carlene is devastated when her outdoor party is interrupted by a thunderstorm.  Stephanie is a good nurse because she is skillful and always remains composed.  Bob is such a rabid Cubs fan that it isn’t fun to watch a baseball game with him. RATIONALE Stoicism is a philosophy that encourages people to focus only on what they can control (e.g., their desires, emotions, and reactions). Because Stoicism focuses on eliminating desires, and emphasizes control of emotions, it leads people to perform their assigned jobs (or roles) skillfully and dispassionately. CONCEPT Stoicism: The Ethics of Dispassion Report an issue with this question 18 Which of the following is NOT an example of Aristotle’s notion of hylomorphism?  An unborn child and a human being

 A statue and a human being  The soul and a human being  Bodily organs and a human being RATIONALE Aristotle's notion of hylomorphism states that being is a relationship, a union of form and matter. All of the examples that signify relationships are cases of hylomorphism: bodily organs (matter) and human beings (form); an unborn child (matter) and a human being (form); human beings (matter) and the soul (form). There is no ontological relationship between a statue and a human being, so this is not an example of hylomorphism. CONCEPT Aristotle on What There Is Report an issue with this question 19 Which of the following statements about the metaphysical tenets of Plato’s Doctrine of the Forms is FALSE?  The Forms exist in an intellectual realm that is fixed and never-ending.  Perfection in the Forms does not exist in Platonic Heaven.  Forms must exist in order for knowledge to be possible.  There is a cause and effect relationship between Forms and their earthly counterparts. RATIONALE All of the statements about aspects of Plato's metaphysics are true, except for the suggestion that perfect Forms do not exist in Platonic Heaven. This statement describes Aristotle's metaphysics, not Plato's. Platonic Heaven is where Plato believed Forms, or perfect metaphysical entities, exist. CONCEPT Plato's Forms: The Foundations of Being

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Report an issue with this question 20 Lisa is considering whether it is morally permissible to eat meat. Which branch of philosophy can help her answer this question?  Ethics  Metaphysics  Cosmology  Epistemology RATIONALE Ethics is the branch of philosophy in which concepts of value (e.g., right and wrong are considered). In epistemology, concepts of knowledge are analyzed and defended. Metaphysics is concerned with discovering and describing the ultimate nature of reality, and cosmology is the study of the universe in its totality. CONCEPT What is Philosophy? Report an issue with this question 21 According to Socrates in the Phaedo , why might death be an advantage to the philosopher?  Death is the ultimate distinction between knowledge and opinion.  Only humans can seek knowledge and truth, but their ability to do so ends with death.  Eyes, ears, and other bodily organs can distract one from the attainment of truth and knowledge.  In life, the Social Contract requires people to behave according to the needs and wants of others. RATIONALE

The Phaedo is a conversation between Socrates and his students about death. It takes place just before his execution. During this conversation, Socrates explains why philosophers should not fear death, which he defines as the end of the life of the body, but not of the soul. Socrates views the body as an impediment to the acquisition of wisdom and truth. Therefore, a philosopher may be able to find answers after death that cannot be found during life. CONCEPT The Phaedo: The Death of Socrates Report an issue with this question 22 Select the statement upon which Plato and Aristotle would disagree.  Essences exist independently of the world.  Truth is important above all else.  Reasoning and logic are key to finding truth.  Essences exist and are genuine entities. RATIONALE Plato and Aristotle agree on all of these points except for the statement that essences exist independently of the world. This was Plato's belief, but Aristotle believed that essences exist only within worldly objects, and nowhere else. CONCEPT Plato vs. Aristotle: The Mathematician or the Biologist Report an issue with this question 23 In the Apology , Socrates states that a good person does what he knows to be right despite __________.  negative personal consequences  the wisdom of the gods  the laws of man  risking fame and fortune

RATIONALE The Apology is Plato's transcription of the defense Socrates presented at his trial on charges of "denying the gods" and "corrupting the youth of Athens." In it, Socrates asserts that he does not fear death, because he has lived as he believed was right. To Socrates, it is more important to live rightly than to avoid death and other negative personal consequences. CONCEPT The Apology: A Defense of Philosophy Report an issue with this question 24 Heraclitus developed __________, which maintained that the world is composed of objects and their counterparts, all of which are connected to one another.  the Doctrine of Flux  the Unity of Opposites  Heraclitean paradoxes  Heraclitean metaphysics RATIONALE Heraclitus developed the principle called the Unity of Opposites. It maintains that the world is composed of opposites, and that opposites are linked in a system of connections. This principle is one part of Heraclitean metaphysics. CONCEPT Heraclitus and the Doctrine of Impermanence Report an issue with this question 25 Water is a __________ condition for staying alive. Apply conceptual analysis to this statement and choose the answer that correctly describes the relationship.  sufficient, not necessary

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

 necessary, not sufficient  both necessary and sufficient  neither necessary nor sufficient RATIONALE Water is a logical requirement for staying alive, therefore it is a necessary condition. However, water is not a logical guarantee for staying alive, so it is not a sufficient condition.

Ancient Greek Philosophers Sophia Unit one Milestone 1

Related Documents