AJS 123 Chapter 1 + 2 Essay - Copy-2
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Arizona State University *
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6
Subject
Philosophy
Date
Apr 3, 2024
Type
docx
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4
Uploaded by AmbassadorTeam8448
Chapter 1
:
Section A:
Define the concepts that are shown below using your own words. Use the sections I recommend from within the book.
1.
Values: are moral principles which guide human beings in their personal and professional decisions, and thus directly impact societies; they are what people believe
are the most important things in life and which they strive to achieve 2.
Ethics: is the study of what is seen as “right” and “wrong” and the reasoning behind those decisions; this is spread between all sections of life, having to do with behavior in a professional setting, personally, and within day-to-day and world-changing issues
3.
Integrity: is the quality and sometimes expectation of a human being; in “integrity testing,” one’s integrity is challenged by being put in professional situations in which they may fail to show upstanding qualities and expose themselves by making a morally wrong choice
4.
Professionalism: is the standard in which an employee is expected to conduct themselves and perform in relation to their job, workplace, and with their fellow professionals 5.
Public Trust of its Public Servants: a professional who works or has power over the public and also has the public trust to not abuse or wrong that power
Section B: Within the “Why Study Ethics” section of Chapter 1, behaviors and acts of persons engaged in the criminal justice system face different ethical dilemmas, including degrees of discretion. List
in your own words and then discuss
the four common elements, numbering these 1, 2, 3, and 4. Lastly, using a 2
nd
paragraph, compare and contrast ethical issues and ethical dilemmas. Provide an example of each, numbering the answer 1 and 2.
The four most common elements from professional with degrees of discretion are: 1.
Every professional has the power to decide. Every professional mostly have vastly different decisions however they all involve power over others and potential depravation of life, liberty, or property. 2.
Each professional can enforce the law. Each one has a duty to uphold and enforce all law (they serve the law). Every professional is also not above the law.
3.
Each professional’s duty is to protect the constitutional safeguards. The most specifically due process and equal protection. In other words, making sure these professionals don’t unlawfully use their powers.
4.
Every single one of these servants works from public salaries. All their duties also work for public trust (pages 4 & 5).
Ethical issues are situations that arise when guidelines are not followed an ethical dilemma is
a problem in a decision-making process between two options where neither is 100% ethically
acceptable (Page 12). 1.
An example of an Ethical Issue is Should the Government have issued closure orders for all but essential bus in early spring of 2020 due to Covid-19.
2.
An example of Ethical dilemma is a Lawyer representing a client whose guilt is known to
them (Page 13).
Section C:
Each student is to identify and demonstrate the use of ethical decision-making processes. From the “Analyzing Ethical Dilemma” section, list and discuss the 5 steps to help with decision making. Number these answers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 in a vertical format as they are numbered in the book. In the 2nd paragraph, add to these 5 steps, at least two examples of what you use to help you decide “what to do” when faced with an ethical dilemma. How does your plan compare with Scott Waddle in “Walking the Walk?”
The 5 Steps to Ethical Decision Making are:
1.
Identify the facts. Essentially making sure all fact is known and no outside influence
2.
Identify relevant values and concepts (making sure outside influences and emotions are known).
3.
Identify all possible dilemmas. Sometimes one’s morals are caused by other actions
4.
Identify the most immediate moral or ethical issue facing the individual. Behavior choice not an opinion
5.
Resolve the ethical or moral dilemma by using an ethical system or other means of decision making (Page 14 & 15).
Some examples of what I do when facing an Ethical Dilemma and deciding “what to do” is I will determine the risk. I will weigh the pros and cons to help me decide what to do. Another example of what I will do is talk it out. I think having a conversation and weighing outside perspectives are important. My plan is similar to “walking the walk” because at the end of the day, Waddle did what was ethically right. He had to consider the pros and cons of his outcome and truly have a conversation about it (Page 16)
Chapter 2
Section A:
Identify and explain the historical Origins of ethical theories from the classical period to modern times.
The historical origins of Ethical theories from the classical to modern times are:
1.
Aristotle and the Greeks: Aristotle believed some people has weak wills and did bad things knowing they were bad. Aristotle believed in eudaimona which is self-
actuation. (7)
2.
Natural Law- Natural Law ethical system is a universal set of right and wrongs. It proposes what is good is what is natural and what is natural is what is good. (23) 3.
Religion- Religion is an ethical theory to a higher power. It is based on religious beliefs of good and evil. Good is in gods will. They also believe that God is the law. (25)
4.
Ethical Formalism- Ethical Formalism is based on the inherent act of being judged. Basically if you had good intentions doing the act, even if the act ends up bad, it is still a good act. (26)
5.
Utilitarianism- Utilitarianism is an Ethical theory that even if a bad act results in happiness it can still be defined as a good act. Section B:
Describe
and discuss
the differences
between the Ethics of Care and Egoism. In a 2
nd
paragraph, which of the “Catalog of Virtues” (in Box 2.1) do you need to further develop in your person? Explain which of the ethical theories in Questions A and B
are you using in your life?
Ethics of care can be described as an ethical system based on human relationships and needs. It’s a system that defines good as meeting the needs of others. It can also be described as heightening our relationships. The ethics of Egoism can be described as a system that pursues self-interest as morally good. The main differences between ethics of care and egoism are they are both polar opposites. The ethics of care is putting others first
while ethics of egoism is described as putting yourself first. Some of the selected virtues I need to further develop in my person are sometimes I can be too generous, and it can come back and end up being a negative trait in my life because then people tend to walk over you. Another trait I need to further develop in my life is Courage. I feel like I could benefit a lot from courage because sometimes I feel like
I doubt myself too much. I think the biggest ethical theory I use in my life is Ethics of Care. I often put others first because I care more about how they feel instead of myself. (Page 21 and 22) Section C:
DO NOT SKIP THIS QUESTION: your answer is reviewed by the college. This question requires each student to apply an Ethical System to a character from the movie “A Few Good Men” (excerpt below and in the Announcements). This requires “critical thinking.” 1.
A Character in the movie “A Few Good Men” that represents Kant’s duty based Denological Ethics is Colonel Nathan R. Jessup. I believe Colonel Jessup represents Kants duty-based ethics because he genuinely believed he was doing the right thing based
on duty and honor. Colonel Jessup did not see the wrong in ordering the code red strictly because he thought it was ‘his duty’ and believed he was benefiting his country. 2.
A Character in the movie “A Few Good Men” that represents Utilitarian is Lt. Daniel Kaffee. I believe Lt.Kaffee represents utilitarian because he sees Colonel Jessup as guilty based on the outcome of the code red. Kaffee does not focus on the fact that Colonel Jessup believed it was his duty to do so instead he focused on the fact that it was morally wrong because Santiago ended up dead in the end of Colonel Jessup ordering the code red. 3.
The two characters in the movie who both believe they are doing the right thing are Daniel Kaffee and Col. Jessup. I believe in Daniel Kaffee’s mind the ethical system he most is based on is, as stated above, Unitarianism. In our textbook, “Ethical Delima's and
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Decisions in Criminal Justice,” it references a term, “The saying “the end justifies the means” is a teleological statement.” (29). I feel this statement is a perfect example of Daniel Kaffee point in the movie. The character Col. Jessup I believe is based on Kant’s based Denological Ethics. I believe this because Col. Jessup is based on duty and morals. He believes he did the right thing by ordering the code red because he believed it was his duty.