Ruddock introduction to Philosophy
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Florida Atlantic University *
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Philosophy
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Apr 3, 2024
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introduction to Philosophy
Midterm Exam
Professor Ayala
Name:Jada Ruddock-Scott
Part 1: Multiple choice
1 Descartes’ Method of Doubt responds to the conflict between;
a.myth/logos.
b. religion/science.
c. poetry/philosophy.
d. none of the above
2. Which of the following is a Rule of Inference?
a.Modus tollens.
b.Modus ponens.
c.Disjunctive syllogism.
d.All of the above.
3. In regards to innate principles in the mind, Locke says
a.they must be developed in children and people with mental problems.
b.they are proved because so many different people agree the same principles.
c.without innate principles, one cannot account for morality.
d.they do not exist, because knowledge only comes from the senses.
4. Which of the following is an example of a primary quality?
a.color
b.height
c.touch
d.smell
5. The difference between primary and secondary qualities is that primary qualities
a.exist in the objects themselves while secondary qualities exist only in our perception.
b.are separable from the objects while secondary qualities make up an objects essence.
c.are deceptive, but can be known by careful, logical reasoning, while secondary
qualities cannot be known at all.
d.are inherent in all objects, and secondary are only in some.
7. According to Berkeley, when I am no longer perceiving my computer
a.it ceases to exist.
b.it exists if other human minds are perceiving it.
c.it continues to exist in the mind of God, who is the eternal perceiver
d.it continues to exist, since ideas cannot be destroyed, even if unperceived.
8.Why can’t we have cause and effect knowledge, according to Hume?
a. we can never observe a constant conjunction between events
b. we can never observe the cause and the effect at the same time
c. we can never observe a necessary connection between events
d. we can never observe the atoms that make up the cause and the effect
9. Which category does belong to Materialistic Monism?
a. Functionalism
b. Eliminativism
c. Behaviorism
d. All of the above.
10. Which philosopher criticized the teleological argument on the grounds that the
creation of the universe is not similar to the creation of an artifact?
a. Kant
b. Paley
c. Hume
d. Descartes
11. Pluralism asserts that,
a. there is a plurality of real things
b. it is supported by ordinary language philosophers such as G.E. Moore and Ryle
c. reality is what it seems to be
d. all of the above
12. Which philosopher argued that the volitional belief in God does not need
justification?
a. Descartes
b. W. James
c. Anselm
d. Paley
True and false
13. A major problem for dualism is explaining how mind and matter interact.
TRUE
14. The Problem of Evil attacks God’s omniscience. TRUE
15. Kant, in his epistemology, believes that the mind is passive. FALSE
16. The mind-brain theory equates mental events to brain/neurological events. TRUE
17. Hard behaviorism claims the non existence of the mind, mental events, and mental
processes. TRUE
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18. Hume is an empirical idealist. TRUE
19. A complex idea is not reducible. FALSE
20. According to logical behaviorists, the meaning of mental terms is linked to the
observable “manner” in which people conduct themselves. TRUE
Part 4; Answer two of the three questions. (2.5 points each, minimum half of a page)
1.
What is Monism?
a.Definition
b.types of monism,
c.subdivision of materialistic monism and their characteristics.
Monism is a theory that denies the existence of a distinction between matter and mind,
or God and the world. There are different types of monism such as materialistic monism
which believe that the physical, material world. Materialistic monism can be subdivided
into different branches, each with its own characteristics. The subdivisions are
Eliminative Materialism, This branch argues that common-sense mental states and
concepts, like beliefs and desires, do not exist. They propose that these concepts
should be eliminated from scientific explanations. Reductive Materialism, This branch
believes that mental states and properties can be reduced to physical states and
properties. It suggests that mental phenomena can be explained solely by the
interactions of physical matter. Identity Theory, This subdivision posits that mental states
are identical to brain states. It argues that mental events and physical events are
actually the same events, just described from different perspectives.These subdivisions
offer different perspectives on the relationship between the mind and the physical world.
2.Reflect on Locke’s problems with primary and secondary qualities. How does
Berkeley’s renunciation of material objects solve Locke’s dilemma but leads Hume into
radical skepticism?
3.What are the three major arguments which attempt to prove the existence of God?
a.Define them
b.list their characteristics
c.list their critiques
-Cosmological Argument
Characteristics suggest that everything has a cause, and because there cannot be an
infinite regress of causes, there must be an uncaused first cause, which is God.
Critics argue that if everything needs a cause, then so does God. If God doesn't need a
cause, the premise that everything needs a cause is questioned.
-Teleological Argument
Characteristics argument looks at the order and purpose in the universe as evidence of
a designer. The complexity of living organisms, for instance, is cited as evidence of
intelligent design.
Critics argue the theory of evolution provides a natural explanation for complexity and
order, reducing the need for a designer. Also, the existence of imperfections in nature
may contradict the idea of a perfect designer.
Ontological Argument
Characteristics is a philosophical argument that uses the concept of God to prove
God's existence. It suggests that because we can conceive of a greatest being, and
existence would make such a being greater, this being must exist.
Critics argue that existence is not a property or predicate that makes something
greater, so the argument fails. Moreover, just because we can conceive of something
does not mean it exists.
Each of these arguments has been debated for centuries, and are ongoing central
topics in the philosophy of religion. People are still exploring these ideas today and
further opinion and inferences are being developed.