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PHIL 1550 Ethics in Practice Test Section 1 Multiple-Choice 1. In "Rule-Utilitarianism and Euthanasia," Brad Hooker argues that certain forms of euthanasia should be legalized because they increase patients' autonomy. His position is best described as an example of: (a) Consequentialist Ethics (b) Deontological Ethics (c) Virtue Ethics (d) Contractualist Ethics 2. In "Against the Right to Die," J. David Velleman argues that euthanasia should not be legal because giving patients more autonomy might harm them. His position is best described as an example of: (a) Consequentialist Ethics (b) Deontological Ethics (c) Virtue Ethics (d) Contractualist Ethics 3. In "All Animals Are Equal," Peter Singer argues that all beings' interests should be counted equally regardless of race, sex, or species. This is best described as an example of: (a) Consequentialist Ethics (b) Deontological Ethics (c) Virtue Ethics (d) Contractualist Ethics 4. Singer argues that a being should have a right to life if: (a) It is a person (b) It is sentient (c) It is a subject of a life (d) It has a future of value (e) None of the above 5. In "The Case For Animal Rights," Tom Regan argues that any subject of a life has equal intrinsic value and must therefore be respected. His position is best described as an example of: (a) Consequentialist Ethics (b) Deontological Ethics (c) Virtue Ethics (d) Contractualist Ethics

6. Regan argues that a being should have a right to life if: (a) It is a person (b) It is sentient (c) It is a subject of a life (d) It has a future of value (e) None of the above 7. Judith Jarvis Thomson argues about whether certain rights have priority over other rights. Her position is best understood as an example of: (a) Consequentialist Ethics (b) Deontological Ethics (c) Virtue Ethics (d) Contractualist Ethics 8. Thomson's violinist thought-experiment is intended to show that: (a) The right to life can sometimes outweigh the right to bodily integrity (b) The right to bodily integrity can sometimes outweigh the right to life (c) It is possible to consent to an activity without consenting to its unintended consequences (e) The rights of a person always outweigh the rights of a non-person 9. Thomson's burglar thought-experiment is intended to show that: (a) The right to life can sometimes outweigh the right to bodily integrity (b) The right to bodily integrity can sometimes outweigh the right to life (c) It is possible to consent to an activity without consenting to its unintended consequences (e) The rights of a person always outweigh the rights of a non-person 10. In "On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion," Mary Anne Warren argues that persons invent rights and should not grant non-persons rights that conflict with their own. Her argument is best understood as an example of: (a) Consequentialist Ethics (b) Deontological Ethics (c) Virtue Ethics (d) Contractualist Ethics 11. Warren argues that a being should have a right to life if: (a) It is a person (b) It is sentient (c) It is a subject of a life (d) It has a future of value (e) None of the above

12. Warren draws a distinction between personhood and humanity. The concept of humanity refers to: (a) Being humane in one's dealings with others (b) Having traits that make one a full member of the moral community (c) Belonging to a particular human culture or society (d) Belonging to the species homo sapiens. 13. Warren draws a distinction between personhood and humanity. The concept of personhood refers to: (a) Being humane in one's dealings with others (b) Having traits that make one a full member of the moral community (c) Belonging to a particular human culture or society (d) Belonging to the species homo sapiens. 14. In "An Argument that Abortion Is Wrong," Don Marquis argues that a being should have a right to life if: (a) It is a person (b) It is sentient (c) It is a subject of a life (d) It has a future of value (e) None of the above 15. According to Marquis, which of the following has intrinsic value? Check all that apply: (a) Being alive, i.e. having a beating heart and functioning brain. (b) Being conscious, i.e. having an experience of the world of which one is aware. (c) Certain conscious experiences, i.e. states of awareness like pleasure. (d) Certain spiritual objects, i.e. non-physical entities like the soul. Section II True/False 16. A doctor administering a fatal drug to a conscious patient at their request is an example of active voluntary euthanasia. True False 17. A doctor unplugging a patient in a permanent come from life support with the consent of the patient's family is an example of passive voluntary euthanasia. True False 18. Most people would say that passive voluntary euthanasia is a form of murder. True False 19. Most people would say that active involuntary euthanasia is a form of murder. True False

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20. Tom Regan draws a distinction between duties to a being and duties regarding that being. To say that we ought not to club baby seals because it upsets people is to say that we have a duty to the seals. True False 21. Tom Regan draws a distinction between duties to a being and duties regarding that being. To say that you ought not to put down your cat yet because you owe it to your daughter to let her see it one last time is to say that you have a duty to the cat. True False 22. Claiming that abortion should be illegal at all stages of pregnancy unless there is a danger to the mother's life is an example of the extreme anti-abortion view. True False 23. Claiming that abortion should be legal for the first trimester of pregnancy and then illegal afterward unless there are medical complications is an example of the abortion rights view. True False 24. People on both sides of the abortion debate generally agree that the fetus is a human being in the genetic sense of the term. True False 25. People on both sides of the abortion debate generally agree that the fetus is a human being in the moral sense of the term. True False 26. According to Judith Jarvis Thomson, the main question in the abortion debate is whether the fetus has a right to life. True False 27. According to Mary Anne Warren, the main question in the abortion debate is whether the fetus has a right to life. True False 28. According to Don Marquis, the main question in the abortion debate is whether the fetus has a right to life. True False 29. Judith Jarvis Thomson draws a distinction between positive and negative rights. Interpreted as a positive right, the right to property amounts to a right not to have your property stolen by others. True False 30. Judith Jarvis Thomson draws a distinction between positive and negative rights. Interpreted as a negative right, the right to property amounts to a right not to have your property stolen by others. True False

Section 3 Long Answer 31. Active voluntary euthanasia was legalized by Bill C-14 in Canada in 2016. Bill C-14 allows terminally ill adults to receive medical assistance in dying. It also includes safeguards intended to ensure informed consent. Explain whether Brad Hooker would likely be in favour of this development and why. Then explain whether J. David Velleman would be and why. Make sure to show your reasoning and to define any technical terms you use. Euthanasia is the practice of intentionally ending a life in order to relieve pain and suffering. Hooker tried to examine the issue of euthanasia from the perspective of rule utilitarianism. He expands utility to other goods besides pleasure and happiness and equates utility to preference satisfaction. An example of preference is autonomy which is having control over our own life. Active voluntary euthanasia is when the physician intervenes in the normal course of life with patient consent. Hooker leans toward the view that active voluntary euthanasia should be legal because it increases personal autonomy, and for him, an increase in autonomy means an increase of utility. Hence an increase in well-being. It relieves the suffering of both the patient and their loved ones, and finally, it frees many resources that can be used to treat a patient who would benefit more from them. It also has its disadvantages, but hooker said it could be fixed by putting certain safeguards in place, which is the case. On the other side, Velleman provides a consequentialist argument for why there shouldn’t be a right to receive active voluntary euthanasia. According to Velleman, the right to die revolves around two concepts: dignity and autonomy. Dignity is a value that human beings possess by having a body and a mind working correctly. Velleman is against Hookers’ point that autonomy equates to well-being and that sometimes having more autonomy can be harmful. Giving people more control over their lives gives them more options that can harm them instead of benefiting them. In addition, being given more options can take other options away, like staying alive by default, which will subject them to new pressures and unintentionally express something harmful (expressing that we don’t think their lives are worth living). By doing all this, society can harm patients by turning the right to die into an obligation. By giving them the right to die, we make it rational for them to choose death. As a result, Velleman is against the legal right to die. He thinks that the rule should be kept vague, so the decision is left to the physician and patient themselves.

32. Scientists in the United States use over 4 million animals in research to develop drugs and medical procedures to treat diseases every year. Most of these are rats, mice, birds, and fish. Research may be painful and usually results in the the death of the animal. Explain what Peter Singer would say about this practice. Then explain what Tom Regan would say about it. Make sure to show your reasoning and to define any technical terms you need to use. Singer presents the issue of this practice from a consequentialist perspective. Singer thinks that factual equality is not an appropriate criterion for moral significance. He says we should interpret the principle of equality as a principle of equal consideration meaning consider each person’s interest and, it needs to be extended to all sentient beings. All non-human animals are sentient and can feel pain and pleasure, and not giving them the same interest weight is completely unjustified discrimination. The fact that scientists use non-human animals for medical experimentation is speciesism, referring to ignoring the interest of members of other species because they belong to different species. According to Singer, scientists are sacrificing non-human animals’ most vital interests by making them endure an enormous amount of physical and emotional pain to satisfy some very trivial interests like their curiosity. They never think of performing those experiments on human beings. The fact that they are willing to perform them on non-human animals shows they discount their interest completely. Singer is an act utilitarian and never said using them for medical experiments is always wrong but that it can only be justified if it produces enough good to outweigh their bad practice. On the other hand, Reagan thinks it is an absolute duty to end all our use of non-human animals for experimentation. According to Reagan, the subject of life, meaning any conscious being has equal inherent value no matter how rational they are or what their interest happens to be. Most of us think that our duties to non-human animals are duties regarding, them not them. Reagan says it is irrational to say that non-human animals’ interest doesn’t matter or matter less than human interest. According to him, the deontological approach is the only philosophical approach to animal rights, and that the other three philosophical theories are flawed. He thinks non-human animals should have rights, so there is a certain restriction on what we can do to them no matter the consequences. Therefore, no matter how good medical experimentation produces, Reagan thinks that we should abolish the use of non-human animals in medical experimentation.

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