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Chapter 1 Exam
History and Philosophy in Sport and Physical Education
Multiple Choice – Select the best answer. Please do not write / mark the examination – Thank you.
1. Which of the following is true?
A. When describing the utility of history, Philosopher George Santayana noted that progress depends on our ability to remember history because those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.
B. Legendary football coach, Norman Cousins, opined that history is not a credible repository of human achievement and is of minimal utility when determining the progress, or lack of progress, assigned to the human race.
C. The ancient Romans invented the concept of the athletic stadium. The Roman word for stadium was STADION.
D. All of the above
E. Only A and C
. Answer A
2.
Which of the following, if any, are true?
A. Sport was not very popular in antiquity because people in Rome would rather spend their free time at the gambling parlors then at sporting events held in the Circus Maximus and similar venues.
B.
Racing syndicates that provided money, horses and drivers for chariot races in Rome were identified by the various breeds of horses that each syndicate favored. The Black syndicate relied exclusively on stallions to pull their chariots while the Gold syndicate
favored geldings. C.
Athletes of today would have much in common with the athletes of antiquity who, like today's athletes, competed to achieve fame, fortune, and glory. D.
All of the above are true.
E.
A and B are true. Answer D
3.
Which of the following are false?
A.
Ancient athletes rarely competed in similar sports that we do today.
B.
By understanding how a culture plays, we can learn how that particular culture functions
or operates outside of sport and physical education. C.
According to Brian Sutton - Smith, play in the form of games and sport can be seen as serving certain functions in a culture which he calls Buffered Cultural Learning.
D.
Buffered Cultural Learning is defined as the means to learn necessary survival skills in a
safe environment as well as learning how to express specific cultural values such as teamwork and discipline.
E. All of the above
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Answer A
4. Which of the following beliefs are attributed to the sociologist Jacques Barzun?
A. "Whoever wants to know the heart and mind of America had better learn baseball."
B.
"The will to win is more important then achieving victory."
C.
"The actual process of achievement is more indicative of American values then victories
in athletic competition."
D.
"Athletic competition is the quintessential measure of an individual's character and integrity, whether in antiquity of in the modern world." E. None of the above. Answer A
5. In reference to the term sport, which of the following is false?
A.
Was first used in England, circa A.D. 1440.
B.
The etymology of the term sport comes from Greek and Latin.
C.
Sport morphed from the French term de(s)porter, which met to amuse oneself to a term that was used in England to refer to competition in the form of games, hunting, and individual exploits.
D.
All of the above.
E.
None of the above.
Answer B
6. In reference to the term play, which of the following is false?
A.
In order to understand the world of sport, it is imperative that we develop an understanding about the nature of play and games.
B.
While it can be argued that all forms sport emanate from play, it does not follow that all forms of play constitute sport.
C.
The classic sociological text, HOMO LUDENS (Man the Player) was written by Johan Huizinga and developed the general hypothesis that play is pre-cultural and permeates all aspects of life.
D.
None of the above is false.
E.
Only A and B.
Answer D
7. According to J. Levy, which of the following is false?
A.
Play is intrinsically motivated.
B.
Play involves the temporary suspension of normal/typical realities and the acceptance of alternative realities.
C.
Play involves an internal locus of control.
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D.
Play is unique to the human species and does not occur in any other species.
E.
A, B, and C only.
Answer D
8. Which of the following is FALSE?
A.
A game represents a more organized effort then that of play.
B.
Games are playful activities that are void of rules and goals.
C.
The ancient Greeks did not have team competitions at the Olympic Games.
D.
The ancient Greeks believed in individual excellence and engaged in athletic competition to honor their gods, families, and city states.
E.
The vast majority of ancient Romans were bored with Greek athletic competitions.
Answer B
9. Sport, generally defined, consists of which of the following characteristics?
A.
Continuity, division of roles, dynamic interaction with an audience, a supporting establishment.
B.
One team, devotion to practice, coaching specialization, significant fan support.
C.
Scheduled competitions, large venues to hold competitions, significant financial resources, media coverage, achievement recognition, formal league playoff arrangements. D.
All of the above
E.
None of the above.
Answer A
10.
History, as defined in the text, can best be described as the study of
A. change, or the absence of change over time.
B. events that happened in the past.
C. people that lived in the past.
D. descriptions of historic events.
E. All of the above.
Answer A
11. According to Michael Oriard, author of Reading Football
, which of the following is true?
A.
Students at American colleges rarely played “football” before the first intercollegiate football game between Harvard and Yale in 1859.
B.
The game that most students played during this time resembled a primitive form of basketball then modern football.
C.
In 1876, representatives of Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Columbia held a meeting to formalize rules for football which essentially morphed the existing game, a combination of rugby and soccer, into American football.
D.
All of the above.
E.
None of the above.
Answer C
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12. According to Oriad, which of the following are true?
A.
Referees were needed in American sports because Americans had a different attitude towards sporting competition then did the British who invented soccer and rugby.
B.
British amateur athletes operated under a “code of honor” that was associated with the elitist class – the aristocracy, that provided the major source of “amateur” athletes in Great Britain. Captains, not referees, enforced the code which was used to support the social status and expected behaviors of the British aristocracy.
C.
Americans, in contrast, had no such “code of honor,” did not have a ruling aristocracy
and primarily thought of themselves of the “middle class” which had no “code of honor” so there was no “code of honor” to break. D.
As a consequence of no “code of honor” to adhere too, Americans sought to exploit the rules of athletic competitions as much as they wished to enforce the rules.
E.
All of the above.
Answer E
13. Which of the following is true?
A.
Descriptive history describes, as objectively as possible, and in as much detail as possible,
what happened in the past.
B.
Descriptive history endeavors to provide the who, what, when, and where of the past and tries to do this without transposing ideas, values, and judgments that are embraced today upon or onto the events that took place in history, in the past.
C.
Many early historical works are descriptive and are literally records of the past.
D.
All of the above.
E.
A and B only. Answer D
14. Which of the following is true?
A.
Interpretive history evaluates the evidence and attempts to explain the how and the why of events that happened in the past.
B.
What makes interpretative history different then that of descriptive history is that an interpretative history introduces the narrator’s or researcher’s perspective – his/her interpretation perspective about not only “what happened” but “why it happened.”
C.
Unlike descriptive history, interpretative history does not limit itself to “just the facts” but
actually interprets history.
D.
All of the above.
E.
None of the above.
Answer D
15. The best
example of a primary source in historical research would be
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A. An eyewitness account, an ancient artifact or Homer's Illiad. B.
An academic journal article utilizing secondary source material C. A good history text written within the last year and using a combination of sources
D. A history teacher
E. A Hollywood movie like Gladiator, Troy, or The 300.
Answer A
16.
A good example of a secondary source in historical research would be
A. an eyewitness account.
B. the diary of a participant.
C. an official box score of a baseball game.
D. an academic journal article that summarized or reviewed an account of related
information published in earlier academic journals. As a result, “first hand” or original
research was not reported in the journal article. F.
All of the above.
Answer D
17.
Descriptive and chronological histories are those that try to A. Describe ideas, values, and render judgments about the present.
B. Describe, as detailed as possible, past events by date, name, and location.
C. Interpret the how and the why of events that happened in the past.
D. All of the above.
E. None of the above.
Answer B
18. ________________________ evaluates the evidence and attempts to explain the how and why of events that happened in the past. The author's perspectives and opinions are used to explain what happened in the past.
A. Objective History
B. Chronological History
C. Interpretive History
D. Descriptive History
E. Personal History
Answer C
19.
As a philosophical system, Metaphysics can be used as an interpretive device to understand how cultures
A. view change over time.
B. change with respect to what they believe is real.
C. change with respect to what they know.
D. All of the above.
E. None of the above.
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Answer B
20.
Modernization theory is an interpretive device that
A. describes how and why people move to the city.
B. describes the who, what, when, and where with respect to technology.
C. describes the purpose of play in the modern world.
D. describes how cultures move from pre-modern to modern characteristics.
E. None of the above.
Answer D
21.
Play Theory can be used as an interpretive device that
A. describes the purpose of play in a culture.
B. describes how rituals are used in play to convey cultural meaning.
C. places play in the center of culture because all people play.
D. All of the above.
E. None of the above.
Answer D
22. The Iliad
, in which Homer elaborates about the funeral games of Patroclus who died during the Trojan War, is an example of
A. a primary source.
B. a secondary source.
C. a chronological history.
D. an interpretive history.
E. A and C.
Answer A
23.
Understanding the mind/body relationship is important to Kinesiology because A. this relationship helps determine the "value" of the body.
B. the body is always more valuable than the mind.
C. the mind is always more valuable than the body.
D. the mind and the body should always be balanced.
E. None of the above.
Answer A
24.
One philosophy that tries to reconcile the mind/body dichotomy is
A. Hobbes' empiricism.
B. Descartes' rationalism.
C. Plato's dualism.
D. Dewey's pragmatism.
E. All of the above.
Answer D
25.
The philosophical position that views reality as having only one component is
A. dualism.
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B. Christianity.
C. monism.
D. monasticism.
E. None of the above.
Answer C
26.
Existentialism and phenomenology are philosophies that value A. objectivity and mind.
B. subjectivity, corporeal nature of existence and mind.
C. experience and nature.
D. the nature of experience.
E. None of the above.
Answer B
27.
The general trend in the valuation of the material world in Western Civilization has been to A. value material reality more.
B. value ideal reality more.
C. value the mind more.
D. value the distinction between mind and body.
E. None of the above.
Answer A
28.
Existentialism and phenomenology are concerned with
A. personal meaning.
B. personal experience.
C. subjectivity.
D. personal awareness.
E. All of the above.
Answer E
29.
Nietzsche was the proponent for
A. the ideal man.
B. "Superman".
C. the expression of animal, or natural instincts.
D. one who is "beyond good and evil."
E. All of the above.
Answer E
30.
Nietzsche is friendly toward A. physicality.
B. Plato's philosophy of idealism.
C. the mind/body dichotomy.
D. All of the above.
E. None of the above.
Answer A
31.
Nietzsche was an advocate of A. individual excellence and living dangerously.
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B. superb health.
C. shunning fear.
D. distinguishing oneself from the crowd.
E. All of the above.
Answer E
32.
Existentialism begins with the belief that
A. the individual -the self- is at the center and the master of his/her destiny. Freedom of
choice is essential.
B. acute interest in society is paramount.
C. following the herd is the right thing to do.
D. that society determines the individual.
E. None of the above.
Answer A
33.
According to existentialism and from the perspective of the individual
A. existence precedes essence.
B. essence precedes existence.
C. mind precedes body.
D. body precedes mind.
E. None of the above.
Answer A
34.
According to existentialism, with everything in the world that is outside and apart from the individual
A. existence precedes essence.
B. essence precedes existence.
C. mind precedes body.
D. body precedes mind.
E. None of the above.
Answer B
35.
From a metaphysical standpoint, phenomenology views the body
A. dualistically.
B. as a multi dimensional spirit tied to a universal construct.
C. anti-corporeal matter D. monastically.
E. None of the above.
Answer C
36.
A phenomenologist would view the body as
A. an instrument of the mind.
B. the enemy of reason.
C. an avenue to the world of experience and knowledge.
D. All of the above.
E. None of the above.
Answer C
True/False
37.
The first intercollegiate football pitted Harvard against Yale in 1869.
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A. true
B. false
Answer B
38.
According to Michael Oriad, early American football was played because it was fun and provided upperclassmen with an opportunity to haze freshman.
A. true
B. false
Answer B
39.
In "Reading Football," Oriad claims that in November of 1976, representatives of Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Columbia held a meeting to formalize the rules of American football which distinguished American football from soccer and rugby.
A. true
B. false
Answer A
40.
The mind/body relationship has no impact on modern culture.
A. true
B. false
Answer B
41.
In existentialism, the individual is totally responsible for his or her actions and behavior.
A. true
B. false
Answer A
42.
In existentialism, the focus on individualism necessitates a commitment to authenticity.
A. true
B. false
Answer A
43.
In existentialism, each and every person should have full opportunity to make choices and decisions. Athletes will have the freedom to determine what, if any, meaning sport has for them. A. true
B. false
Answer A
44.
Existentialism focuses on the impossible.
A. true
B. false
Answer B
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45.
The athlete or coach who chooses existentialism as his/her personal philosophy abandons
all responsibility since the freedom to do whatever he/she wants eliminates the requirement of personal responsibility.
A. true B. false Answer B
Multiple Choice
46. Which of the following is true?
A. Metaphysics is a philosophical school that attempts to define ethical behavior.
B According to Plato, his perception of reality is that there is a another world that is apart
from the secular world that we experience with our body / our senses.
C. Aesthetics is a school of philosophy that is interested in beauty.
D. B and C Only.
E. None of the above.
Answer D
47. Which of the following is true?
A. According to your text, Metaphysics, especially Ontology, can have a profound impact
on the value – or worth – of physical education and sport.
B. From a metaphysical / ontological point of view, if the material / secular world is
“real” or more “real” then the ideal world (the “ideal” world which you can imagine
via thought), sport and physical education could be significantly valued.
C. If you can identify and understand the metaphysical and ontological beliefs of a particular culture, you should be able to understand how that particular culture values
– or does not value – sport and physical education.
D. All of the above.
E. A and B only.
Answer D
48. Which of the following are FALSE?
A. Plato ideas and the Bible share an explanation of the nature of reality that is crucial to understanding Western philosophy.
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B The philosophical school that believes that human existence is divided into two parts, mind and body, is Epistemology.
C Throughout history, there have been different philosophical schools – different philosophical beliefs – that will emphasize the importance of the mind OR the importance of the body.
D. Most Western ideas and subsequent philosophical beliefs are grounded in Meso-
American religious practices such as the belief in the Crystal Skulls E. All of the above are FALSE
Answer B
49. According to Pragmatism, which of the following are true?
A.
Pragmatists argued that your physical experiences - and therefore your body, are credible and accurate sources for coming to know the nature of “reality.”
B.
Pragmatism views the body has having value, in and of itself [existential tenet] rather
then simply acting as a servant of the mind.
C.
All knowledge is based on experience; as a result, the body is valued as a source of knowledge because of the sensory information received through the body as a result of experience.
D.
All of the above
E.
None of the above.
Answer D
50. According to the philosophy of Kierkegaard and Nietzsche, which of the following is true?
A.
Soren Kierkegaard believed that there are three stages of life experience;
(1) antithesis, (2) exploratory, and (3) resolution. All humans will gradually progress through each stage and must always be skeptical about knowledge derived from the senses.
B.
What made Kierkegaard an existentialist was his emphasis on life experience as a means of saving the soul. This was in contrast to other philosophers who believed that the first order of business was to consider the meaning or essence of the soul; they (not Kierkegaard)believed the soul provided the individual with a guide of how to live his/her mortal lives. C.
Friedrich W. Nietzsche supported the ideas of Kierkegaard and, like Kierkegaard, opposed the physical and intellectual development of an individual’s development because it would take away precious time from nurturing the soul. D.
The good of society, and not the individual, is at the “center/focus” of human existence.
E.
All of the above.
Answer B
51.
According to Friedrich W. Nietzsche, A.
It is important to maximize physical and intellectual development.
B.
The body is a vital component of his concept of the SUPERMAN, one who is beyond good and evil.
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C.
Believed in being physically fit.
D.
The greatest enjoyment in life is to live dangerously which necessitates superb health.
E.
All of the above.
Answer E
52. According to Existentialism, which of the following is true?
A.
The individual is at the CENTER, everything else is subordinate to the individual.
B.
Every person – every individual, should have full opportunity to make choices and decisions. Without this ability, the individual begins to loose his/her individuality, identity, and personal existence.
C.
Each person – each individual is responsible for their actions – their decisions, and their behavior. The existential person knows that his/her decisions will influence and
affect others and therefore must be held accountable for their decisions.
D.
All of the above.
E.
None of the above.
Answer D
53. According to Edmund Husserl, a leading Phenomenologist, which of the following is true? A.
Edmund Husserl believed that the methods of science are not valid ways of knowing. He looked at phenomenology as a “protest” against crystallized beliefs and
theories handed down to us via tradition and accepted as knowledge.
B.
The body is not simply an instrument of the mind or the enemy of reason. It is an individual’s avenue to the world of experience and attendant knowledge.
C.
The objective of phenomenology is to go directly to the experience, relish / live the experience to its fullest, and take the experience for what it is worth – or not worth.
D.
Believed that phenomenology, like existentialism, should remain uncomfortable (skeptical) with “preconceptions and prejudgments” because these so called beliefs and values have been pre-determined which prevents the individual from deciding these things for him or herself.
E.
All of the above.
Answer E
True or False
54. According to phenomenology, the body is viewed as the means of fundamental access to the
world.
A. true
B. false
Answer A
55. The body, according to phenomenology, is not an instrument of the mind or the enemy of
reason.
A. true
B. false
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Answer A
56. Phenomenology shares some similarities regarding the nature of the body with Empiricism. A. true
B. false
Answer A
57. Empiricists explain that the reason individuals become aware of knowledgeable of
themselves, determine reality, is due to a constant stream of sense data that is delivered to the body via the senses. Phenomenologists accept this, however, see no reason to limit
themselves to a “stream of sensory” date to determine reality. A. true
B. false
Answer A
58. According to phenomenology, every experience comes loaded with meanings and qualities,
none of which can be explained simply by a sense organ’s reception of a stimulus that stipulates a pre-determined response.
A. true
B. false
Answer A
59. The object of phenomenology is for the individual to go directly to the experience and decide for him or herself what meaning it has (if any) and what value it has – if any.
A. true
B. false
Answer A
60. Both phenomenology and empiricism value the body as a source of information.
A. true
B. false
Answer A
61. The philosophical tenets of phenomenology and existentialism offer physical educators the opportunity to provide and promote subjective experiences that can enhance each individual.
A. true
B. false
Answer A
62. Pragmatism is one of the first philosophies to embrace metaphysical dualism.
A. true
B. false
Answer B
63. According to pragmatists, humans are embodied entities meaning that the mind or spirit
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is one with the body and mind and body are integrated into one entity; where dualism defines human existence into two parts - mind and body, pragmatism believes that humans
are a single entity that embodies mind, soul / spirit and our corporeal nature into one entity,
not two.
A. true
B. false
Answer A
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