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School
University of California, Irvine *
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Course
12
Subject
Philosophy
Date
Feb 20, 2024
Type
Pages
3
Uploaded by gleegihyun2002
Grace Gihyun Lee
Professor Al-Bulushi
INTL ST 12 - Midterm
30 April 2021
Midterm
1. According to the course lectures, what are the 6 key dates in the evolution of political ideologies? In one sentence each, describe some of the ways each date represented a change in political ideologies, and the triumph of certain views over others.
The 6 key dates in the evolution of political ideologies are 1789, 1848, 1917, 1968, 1990,
and 2011. 1789 remarks the French, American and Haitian revolution that signifies the change of
a monarchical rule to a system where people rule that will allow for universal rights, but of course liberals failed in universal rights and actually excluded many groups such as workers. Therefore in 1848, nationalist revolutions were around throughout Europe where especially the workers party was formed to establish political ideologies that brought more light for those groups excluded. Then in 1917, a socialist revolution was finally successful through the Soviet/Russian revolution where the peasants and working class of Russia fought for acknowledgement for their struggle. Then in 1968 was the peak of the Cold War where it was a battle of socialist and capitalist visions trying to bring influence to their own ideologies, and decolonization where colonized countries were finally able to gain formal independence. In 1990
the Cold War had ended and began the launch of globalization that promoted neoliberal ideas which allowed for the entrance to a free market so countries can collaborate economically across borders. People thought that socialism had died because of all that had happened in 1990, but socialism was brought again to surface in 2011 when people became upset with the neoliberal globalization causing a global spring (mass movements) that allowed for new political parties, new left labour parties, and popularity in democratic socialism.
3. Name the five core ideas/values/beliefs of liberalism. Summarize each idea in one sentence.
The five core principles of liberalism are individualism, freedom, reason, justice, and toleration. Individualism is the most important idea in liberalism, that individuals are to seek for self-identity that draws to their own uniqueness and importance. Libertarians' idea of freedom is that as long as the actions of the individuals do not give harm in any way to others, they are allowed to do anything they want, but in order for individuals to be entirely free positive freedom
has to be given not just negative. Reason is the principle state that human beings are rational enough that they are capable of determining what is best for them. Justice is the principle about the distribution of reward of merit and punishment, where all individuals are given equal opportunity to grow their skill, but that depends on how the individual works which can be luck, nature or hard work. Toleration is a principle that portrays autonomy and pluralism where individuals should have a sense of self-governance to tolerate, but there is also a need for diversity and challenge to allow for an equilibrium in helping to refine and grow in oneself.
4. Name the five core ideas/values/beliefs of socialism. Summarize each idea in one sentence.
The five core values of socialism are community, cooperation, equality, class politics, and common ownership. Socialists work on the idea that people are flexible in changing through their environment allowing for the community to be utopian. Socialism emphasizes corporations,
especially economic cooperation that focuses on the idea of mutual benefits for all sides with the act of working together, which also brings better results towards society. Socialists' belief of equality is that if something is just or fair it will lead to an equal outcome, but socialists took a more radical notion of equality to adjust accordingly to their needs and ability. By looking through the different perspectives of different classes socialist believed that we would be able to understand their competition within the class politics, rather than looking through individuals at the principal actors in history. The most important idea in socialists is common ownership, property, which emphasizes that property is unjust because they believe if private properties truly
recognize the collective effort, there should be common ownership; so they want private properties to be entirely abolished.
8. In one or two sentences each, summarize each of the four historical traditions of conservatism.
The four historical traditions of conservatism are authoritarian, paternalistic, libertarian, and Christian democracy. Authoritarian conservatism is where a population is governed from those that are in the wisdom of established leaders where that leader is given all authority and people are to follow that leader despite no consent because it is said to maintain social order. Paternalistic conservatism is linked with the idea of noblesse oblige and one nation conservatism,
that hierarchical is inevitable as the wealth is given privilege for the social obligations, caring for
the poor, they carry which eventually leads to inequality of responsibilities since the ability of wealth and poor are different. Libertarian conservatism contains ideas influenced by the liberals where it is believed the liberal economic system of the free market is best suited with the traditional system since it allows for social order because of the responsibility of authority and duty. Christian
democracy ideas on a social market economy to prohibit isolation and competition between individuals, but rather induce social cohesion and allow for protection on businesses that allows for both wealth and keep up with the changes around the world.
9. In no more than 6-7 sentences, answer the following questions by placing the course readings into conversation with your own life: What is your primary national identity? How did you come to believe that you were a part of this national group? How and why has living in the global age
shaped your national identity? Theorists of nationalism have argued that institutions (like the
map, the census and the museum) all played crucial roles in the development of nationalist identities. Besides the above examples, what other institutions do you think have influenced the development of your own national identity today and how? What is the relationship between your
national identity and your belief in a particular political ideology or ideologies?
I identify myself with the Korean nationality because of the presence of my language, family, and school helped me to identify with that nationality. Living in the global age allows access to experience my culture despite not being in Korea such as people, language, music, products and many more. Institutions other than the map, census, and the museum that I believe have influenced the development is the school and media. School is always constantly asking for identification, so from an early age we were constantly looking into our family background and had established and known our national identity. The media, especially allowing for more exposure to information about the past, present, future allowed for me to understand the situation
in where I sit with my identity, In addition, South Korean which I specifically identify in holds a
democratic republic political ideology very similar to the U.S., but is known to be dominantly democratic as they have the largest party. So, therefore I have held a democratic belief more because of my national identity rather than actually looking into the beliefs and ideas of the democratic party.
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