ENG-106_DQs

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Topic 1 DQ 1 5.00 In the argument chapter, you learned about expressed arguments (overt arguments attempting to persuade the audience towards a point of view) and implied arguments (arguments that appear on the surface not to be arguments but actually seek to persuade the audience of a point of view or views). For this DQ, provide a specific example from the media of an expressed argument and an implied argument and answer the following questions:  What is the expressed argument you identified? What specific argument does the author make? What evidence does the author use to support his or her claims?  What is the implied argument you identified? What specific argument does the author make? What evidence does the author use to support his or her claims?  Why is it important to understand expressed and implied arguments?  How might you use your understanding of expressed and implied arguments when drafting your first essay in this course? Note: You may use visual arguments such as photos and pictures, but you will still need to explain your rationale for why you believe the author is making a specific argument. Be sure to cite all sources used to compose your answer. Format your in-text citations and reference list entry according to GCU Style. Expressed Argument (Overt Argument) In the Harvard Business Review article, Tackling the Underrepresentation of Women in Media, the expressed argument made by the authors is that women around the world are less likely to be seen in the media that men (Bohnet et al., 2019). The specific argument made was that in a 2015 report, 19% of women were featured in news stories and 37% globally. The claims were made from the two years statistics by journalists and producers across the BBC, from the 50:50 Project by Ros Atkins, a nightly primetime news program. Implied Argument The implied argument identified is, “Protect Children Not Guns”. According to Edelman (2007), the argument made is that everyday children and teens' lives are being taken due to senseless gun violence (para. 1). The evidence that was supported by the author’s claim that in 2004, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention latest data of 2,825 related gun death among children and teens (Edelman, 2007). Therefore, every day about approximately eight children or teens are killed by gun violence totaling a near 235 each month. The reason why it is important to understand expressed and implied arguments is to able to distinguish between the two arguments. Expressed or overt arguments are trying to persuade the audience of a point of view which is obvious and direct that includes supporting evidence. Therefore, an implied argument does not appear to be arguments at the surface or first glance which may seem entertaining visual arguments like bumper stickers and photos (Smith, 2015).

It will be useful to construct the first draft with the understanding of expressed and implied arguments by being able to understand how to deploy the argument. With an expressed argument of the first draft would be clear of its arguments to persuade the point of view that support the claim with evidence and reasons. Therefore, an implied argument for the first draft simply states the argument to inform without bias. References: Bohnet, I., Chilazi, S., Georgeac, O., & Rattan, A. (2019 June 06). Tackling the underrepresentation of women in media. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2019/06/tackling-the-underrepresentation-of-women-in- media?registration=success Edelman, Marian. (2007 February 02). Protect children, not guns. Children’s Defense Fund. Retrieved from https://www.childrensdefense.org/child-watch-columns/health/2007/protect-children-not-guns/ Smith, V. (2015). Argument. In Grand Canyon University (Ed.) Finding purpose through argumentative writing. Available from http://lc.gcumedia.com/eng106/finding-purpose-through-argumentative-writing/v1.1/#/chapter/1 Topic 1 DQ 2 5.00 Please review the following video Writing Process about writing introductory paragraphs and thesis statements, with particular focus on Section One: Organizing the College Essay. Note: This link works best in the Google Chrome browser. For the first essay, you will be writing a definition essay about a term related to organ sales or donations. Please share your current thesis statement for your definition essay. Here is a sample thesis statement for the definition essay: Organ sales in the United States would be unethical because they exploit the poor, favor the rich, and create an unfair or black-market organ lottery. During the week, respond to your classmates with constructive feedback about their thesis statements. You may consider revising your own thesis statement after receiving feedback from your peers. It was interesting trying to structure the thesis statement for the course first essay of a definition essay about organ sales or donation. By reviewing the video, Writing Process- Section 01-06 to section 01-09 , it was very helpful in understanding and developing the thesis statement. It is important that the thesis statement has a clear topic and point of view (Grand Canyon University, 2015). The topic in the thesis statement will outline what each body paragraph will be discussed and the order which will be discussed. My Thesis Statement: The government should legalize the selling of human organs which will save the lives of dying patients, stop people from illegal organ sales that target the poor, and eliminate the black market. Furthermore, I look forward to hearing the responses or constructive feedback from my fellow classmate. I will diffidently be using those feedback to enhance my thesis statement for our definition essay about organ sales. Reference Grand Canyon University (2015). Organizing the College Paper - Section 1. In Grand Canyon University (Ed.) The writing process: The college essay. Available from https://lc.gcumedia.com/unv104/the-writing-process/transcripts/chapter1/ chapter1.html Topic 2 DQ 1 5.00 Read “Legalizing the Organ Trade?” by Ritter, located on the Time website (copy and paste the link into the URL). http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1833858,00.html

As noted in Peter Ritter’s (2008), “Legalizing the Organ Trade?”, Singapore’s health minister, Khaw Boon Wan, argued that, “We may be able to find an acceptable way to allow a meaningful compensation for some living, unrelated kidney donors, without breaching ethical principles or hurting the sensitivities of others” (para. 2). In the definition essay assignment, you are asked to select a term, define the term, and offer evidence to support your definition of the term. In this case, imagine you have selected the term meaningful compensation to define. You might ask yourself: What constitutes meaningful compensation for an organ donor, especially if the donor is poor and the recipient is wealthy? What examples of human organ sales can I find that match or do not match your definition of meaningful compensation? What other terms related to organ sales and donation would be suitable for an argument of definition? My definition that constitutes meaningful compensation for an organ donor is that the compensation is exchanged for valuable consideration such as monetary value. It shows that the item being bought is essentially meaningful. In addition, the donor is helping by saving someone’s life who depends on an organ. There may be times where the donor could be poor and the recipient is wealthy where the donor receives meaningful compensation for the exchange of an organ that may save the recipient life. It appears that other recipients such as physicians, surgeons, social workers, or hospitals involve in the process received compensation and the donor who is also part of the process is the only that does not. Even the recipient is compensated with a new organ. According to the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (N.d.), define meaningful compensation as financial incentives as any material gain or valuable consideration obtained by those consenting to the process of organ procurement (para. 6). In the article, Sales of Human Organs Should Be Legalized, Say Surgeons (2011), noted that a donor being compensation does not nullify altruism - doctors are not less caring because they are paid (para. 7). Currently, everyone parts of the process gets paid except for the donor. Another term such as financial incentives can be suitable for an argument of definition. Reference U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. N.d. Financial incentives for organ donation. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. Retrieved from https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/resources/ethics/financial-incentives-for- organ-donation/ Smith, L. 2011 January 05. Sale of human organs should be legalized, say surgeons. Independent. Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/sale-of-human-organs-should-be-legalised- say-surgeons-2176110.html Topic 2 DQ 2 5.00 In the Aristotelian or Classical Framework for argument, a writer might target an audience of readers that is undecided or neutral about the main claim (thesis statement) of the essay. A section is placed directly before the conclusion for acknowledging opposing viewpoints. Then the writer chooses to concede or refute that view. Why does the writer not want to spend much time on an opposing viewpoint? Why mention that viewpoint at all? How might a concession help or hinder the main claim of the essay (the thesis)? What are some opposing viewpoints you might include in your definition essay? The writer should not want to spend much time on an opposing viewpoint because the writer is telling the argument of their viewpoint. I think mentioning some of the opposing viewpoints can show that the writer does not have personal opinions or biases. Also, it can make the writer have a stronger argument by mentioning some of the opposing viewpoints. Mentioning some opposing viewpoints should not overpower the writer's argument which would not hinder the thesis statement. The writer should make sure that there is enough evidence to support the argument in the thesis. I am not sure how I will incorporate the opposing viewpoint in my definition argument essay maybe in the are of how the

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opposing viewpoints feel there are better ways to increase donated organs than paying for it. However, I want to make sure that it does not over point my argument. Topic 3 DQ 1 5.0 Recall your readings in Topic 1 regarding human organ donation and sales. In the article, "Kidney Shortage Inspires A Radical Idea: Organ Sales," https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/docview/399092881? accountid=7374 Dr. Francis Delmonico believes that even a regulated human organ trade would be exploitative because “it’s the poor person who sells” (Meckler, 2007). Answer the following questions:  Do you agree that allowing a poor person to sell an organ is an exploitative practice? Why or why not?  What documented examples from real-life organ donors can you provide to help you demonstrate how a regulated human organ trade would (or would not) be exploitative?  If you were writing your definition essay on the term exploitative, how would you define it? You may revisit the Human Organ Donation and Sale Resource List from Topic 1 for resources. Be sure to cite all sources used to compose your answer. Format your in-text citations and reference list entry according to GCU Style. Currently, without a regulated system govern by the government, allowing a poor person to sell an organ can be an exploitative practice. The person who is actually making the purchase of the organ such as the middleman or broker can take advantage of a poor person who is selling their organ in many ways. For one, the broker can be paid a generous amount for purchasing the organ. However, when paying for the organ the broker more than likely would give the person whom the organ is coming from less than one-fourth of the amount that was given to the broker. For instance, a broker maybe given $100,000 to purchase the organ and in actual only pay $1,000 to the poor person who is selling their organ. In the article, “Released from federal prison, black market kidney broker in N.J. sting avoids deportation, reported Levy Itzhak Rosenbaum, first convicted person in the country of human trafficking in human kidneys for profit, would get up to $160,000 from recipients and the donor were paid $10,000. A daughter of a recipient admits to paying Rosenbaum $150,000 for a kidney that save her father’s live. However, in another case, a donor, Elahn Quick, who questioned Rosenbaum about the offering money to potential donors was waiting for the transplant surgery all of sudden lapsed into unconsciousness and woke up without a kidney (Sherman, 2019). According to Oxford English Dictionary (2016), states exploitative is characterized by or involving unfair or unethical exploitation of someone or something (para. 2). If I were writing my definition essay on the term exploitative, I would define it as fraudulently taking advantage of a person to gain profit. Reference Oxford English Dictionary. 2016. Exploitative, adj. Oxford University Press. Retrieved from https://www-oed- com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/view/Entry/66652?redirectedFrom=exploitative#eid Sherman, T. 2019 March 29. Released from federal prison, black market kidney broker in N.J. sting avoids deportation. NJ.Com. Retrieved from https://www.nj.com/news/2014/12/released_from_federal_prison_black_market_kidney_broker_in_nj_sting_avoids_d eportation.html Topic 3 DQ 2 5.0

Chapter 2 of the textbook discusses two scenarios in which evidence may not meet some audience’s expectations. In the first scenario, two scientific studies are in conflict with each other In the second scenario, a child psychiatrist uses stories from his patients rather than statistics as evidence. Each case poses a problem regarding the use of evidence: We sometimes have difficulty reconciling conflicting pieces of evidence, and we are reluctant to see stories, rather than statistics, as valid evidence. In the essay that you are writing right now, what kinds of evidence have you found? In what way might it meet an audience's expectations? Name the audience, discuss how it may meet--or not meet-- the audience's expectations, and explain why. Later in the week, compare your observations about evidence with those of your classmates. In my definition argument essay, the kind of evidence found was quantitative, qualitative, primary, and secondary evidence. There were numbers and statistics used which is quantitative evidence. The qualitative evidence of observations that came from human subjects that do not include statistics or numbers. The collection of data directly from the researcher is the primary evidence that was found. Finally, the secondary evidence was found in the essay that by using academic journal article through the GCU Library database. The type of evidence used in my definition argument essay may meet the audience's expectation of scholarly supporting my claim. It provides statistics, case studies, and academic journal articles that organ sales can be ethical if regulated. The audience is my classmate and instructor but can be for people who may be against or with the sales of organs. It may meet the audience’s expectation as the evidence can convince or change their minds that organ sales are ethical if regulated and govern by the government. Topic 4 DQ 1 5.00 To help you prepare for your Cause and Effect essay on donating or selling organs, brainstorm general topics of interest and conduct an online inquiry as to possible causes and effects. For example, you might have an interest on the effect of social media on children younger than thirteen years of age. You research young children in their tweens and discover that these individuals are more readily exposed to online interactive groups, such as Facebook, Twitter, or Web pages themed to attract a younger audience; this creates a root cause with the effect of having a large social network of friends. This result becomes a new cause that leads to the effect of stronger Web-based communication skills, which leads to intuitive and up-to-date technology skills. This result leads to overuse of or possible Internet obsession, which results in decreased participation of afterschool activities, such as sports or music groups. This result leads to lack of focus on homework and a significant drop in academic performance, which results in poor quality of student work. The result is repeating the same grade level. Now, create your own cause-effect chain based on your online inquiry. Make sure the cause-effect chain is logical, plausible, and realistic. Be sure to cite all sources used to compose your answer. Format your in-text citations and reference list entry according to GCU Style. The rising prevalence of childhood obesity has developed worldwide. According to Sahoo (2015), childhood obesity has become one of the most serious health public health challenges of the 21st century (para. 4). Basal metabolic or metabolism, lower level of energy, and poor diet cause obesity in children (Sahoo, 2015). Excessive intake of caloric and fatty foods, surgery drinks like soda, and increased portion size lead to the decline of physical activities. The decline of physical activities leads to body dissatisfaction that leads to low self-esteem that causes social consequences such as the inability to make friends. Therefore, the cause of childhood obesity can have a significant impact on the child physically, psychologically, and emotionally. Sahoo, K., Sahoo, B., Choudhury, A. K., Sofi, N. Y., Kumar, R., & Bhadoria, A. S. (2015). Childhood obesity: causes and consequences. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 4(2), 187–192. https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.154628. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4408699/

Topic 4 DQ 2 5.00 This week you will prepare a Cause and Effect Essay (assignment directions are in the Topic 4 Folder). Watch the local news or go online and read news as presented through CNN, Google, or MSN News. Choose a current story or news event of interest related to organ donation or sales. Create a list of causes for the story or event. Discuss at least three “whys” (the causes) that led to the event and three projected plausible results (the effects) from the event. Your reply should discuss a total of three causes and three effects. Support each cause and result with an explanation. Be sure to cite all sources used to compose your answer. Format your in-text citations and reference list entry according to GCU Style. The acritical, Global Wearable Artificial Organs Market Is Expected to Reach USD 17.8 billion by 20207: Fior Markets, was searched on MSN News. The article was in relation to organ donation that discusses the causes of wearable artificial organs and the plausible results from it. The following is a list of three causes and three effects for article organs. Cause: Rising demand and supply gap of organ donors The increase of organ failures To boost the organ market growth Effect: Less cost of artificial organs than an organ transplant Engineered tool integrated into human living tissues to substitute the human organ Enhance the quality of life so that patients can return to a healthy lifestyle. Market Watch. 2020 September 08. Global wearable artificial organs market is expected to reach USD 17.48 billion by 2027: Fior Market. Retrieved from https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/global-wearable-artificial-organs- market-is-expected-to-reach-usd-1748-billion-by-2027-fior-markets-2020-09-08 Topic 5 DQ 1 5.0 As you have learned from this week’s readings, a cause-effect chain argues that one thing leads to another (e.g., “Increasing levels of acidity in sea water are harming the oceans’ coral reefs.”). A causal cause and effect chain links causal claims together as links in a chain. Remember your argument is only as strong as the weakest link in your chain. Summarize the causal cause and effect chain used by the writer in the article from The New York Times . Was the argument persuasive? Why or why not? http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/29/world/europe/black-market-for-body-parts-spreads-in-europe.html? pagewanted=all&_r=0  What has caused the growth of the illegal sale of human organs in some countries, a concept unthinkable 100 years ago?  What has caused the growth of selling human organs on the black market?  What are the causes you have identified and will write about in your draft?

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 What are the effects you have identified and will write about in your draft? The casual cause and effect chained used by the author, in The New York Times article, is that poverty-stricken individuals are desperate for economic salvation which leads to illegally selling their organs on the black market. Pavle Mircov lost his job at a meat factory and have not been able to find any work. He and his wife, Daniella, are parents of two teenagers. Both are placed in desperations as they are faced not being able to purchase a tombstone for his father, telephone service being disconnected, and being able afford only one meal a day. Mr. Mircov stated, “ When you need to put food on the table, selling a kidney doesn’t seem like much of a sacrifice ”. Mr. Mircov and his wife turn to the black market to relieve them from financial desperation as they placed their organ for sale. There are organized criminal groups who take advantage of both the vulnerable donor and recipient in the black market. People suffering from chronic poverty and the desperate recipient will turn to the black market to survive (Bilefsky, 2012). The New York Times article argument was persuasive. The author presented a causal cause and effect chain about the cause of illegal organ sales leads to the black market. Due to the organ shortage, poverty-stricken and desperate patients turn to the black market to relieve themselves from misery. The cause and effect chain that I wrote about was the cause organ shortage leads to the black market. Bilefsky, D. 2012 June 28. Black market for body parts spreads among the poor in Europe. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/29/world/europe/black-market-for-body-parts-spreads-in-europe.html? pagewanted=all&_r=0 Topic 5 DQ 2 5.0 There is common wisdom that states, “Correlation is not causation.” Explain in your own words what this phrase means. Now, read the current draft of your cause and effect essay. Consider how you might revise your essay in light of this saying. Describe what revisions you might need to make to your essay to ensure that your argument is logical, plausible, and realistic and does not present an argument that is illogical, far-reaching, or unrealistic. According to Valdellon (2018), correlation is the association between two random variables and causation is implying that A and B have a cause and effect relationship with one another (pg. 3-4). The phrase “Correlation is not causation” means that because two things that are correlated does not mean that one causes the other. Therefore, just because two things are associated, or link does not mean that it is the cause of the other. During the revision stage of my final draft of the Benchmark – Cause/Effect Essay Argument, I will ensure that my argument is logical, plausible, and realistic. I will take into consideration of the phrase “Correlation is not causation”. Just because one thing is in correlation, connected in some way, with organ shortage does not mean it is the cause of it. I want to make sure that my argument is the causation which implied that A and B have a cause and effect relationship. Valdellon, L., 2018 July 24. Correlation vs causation: Definition, differences, and examples. Clever Tap. Retrieved from https://hassenfeld.bryant.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Correlation-vs-Causation_-Definition-Differences- Examples.pdf Topic 6 DQ 1 5.00 Use the following questions to develop ideas for your proposal.  What do you think is the most significant problem regarding the sale of organs?  Why do you think it is a problem?  Who has the power to solve this problem?  Why has it not been solved up to this point?  How can the problem be solved?

 What are the benefits and costs related to your solution? Using strategies for argumentation discussed previously in class, develop some arguments for your proposal that you could use for your skeptical audience. Refer to Chapter 7 in the textbook for additional information on rebuttals. I believe the most significant problem regarding the sales of organs is the illegal sale within the black-market. I think this is a problem because there is a shortage of organ donors, which in most cases people who are in need of an organ transplant or placed on an endless waiting list. The United States government has the power to help solve this problem. Currently, there are more people on the waiting list for a transplant than organ supply for every name that is on the list. Also, the National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 (NOTA) prohibits selling and buying of human organs. This problem can be solved by legalizing the sales of human organs that are regulated and governed by government officials. The benefits of legalizing the sale of organs would increase the organ supply while decreasing the use of the black-market. Medical insurance, either private or state-funded such as Medicare should cover the cost. Topic 6 DQ 2 5.00 To whom will you address your proposal? This person (or group) will be skeptical of your views. Will it be a friend or family member with different beliefs and values related to health care and/or the human body? Are there individuals in the medical community who hold different values than you do? How about a politician or media figure? What are their views on the issue of selling human organs, and what do they think should be done about it? Summarize the views of your skeptical audience as fairly and accurately as possible. During the week, review your classmates’ summaries of their skeptical audiences’ views. Constructively offer feedback on their summaries. Were the summaries fair, or did they seem biased? How can you tell? Offer suggestions on how to revise their summaries. I think my attended audience would be a committee who is a part of the United States House of Representatives for a proposal on legalizing organ sales to free individuals from the endless waiting list and exploitation while reducing the use of the black market because of the organ shortage. I believe that there would be many people who would be skeptical of my views as the many believe that organ sale can be unethical and would exploit the poor. Also, there would be some individuals from medical community that are highly against the sale of organs and then there are some so would be in favor. With the current law that prohibits the selling and buying of organs a politician would be against it however, there may be a politician who realize the organ shortage and may want to implement a working solution to help thousands of people with life-saving opportunity by legalizing the sale of organs. One of the views on the issue of selling human organs would that it would exploit the poor. It is not so; many poverty- stricken individuals are already doing illegally within the black market. However, by legalizing the selling and buying of organs would protect all individuals involve from being taken advantage of and manipulated. The donor is a low priority of all parties involved. Topic 7 DQ 1 5.0 Four important steps when composing a proposal include (1) convincing the audience that there is a problem that needs to be solved, (2) explaining what you want your audience to do about the problem, (3) acknowledging opposing viewpoints or steps to solving the problem and (4) justifying the action you are asking your audience to take. What strategies will you use for each step? What will make your content for each of these steps effective? Later in the week, review answers that your classmates have provided and provide feedback on their ideas. The strategies that I will be using for each step would be providing support and credible evidence to prove to the audience that the proposal of organ sales will work. Setting the tone of the essay to be formal and academic that has somewhat of an authority. Identifying the problem and providing statistical sources plus expert opinion on the problem that needs to be solved. Explaining the solution by showing that another country has done so and evidence of the outcome. Also, I will acknowledge the opposing viewpoints and argue why the proposal would be a way to solve the

problem with credible evidence to support my claim. I think that evidence and credible sources will make my content for each step effective Topic 7 DQ 2 5.0 Many people have either engaged in an argument that seemed unresolvable or witnessed such an argument between friends and family members. Consider one of these arguments you have either experienced or witnessed, and then identify the fallacies that were expressed during this discussion or argument. Note how the fallacies prevented the discussion from being resolved. What did you learn about fallacies from this experience that you can apply to your proposal essay? How might fallacies like these be avoided in proposal writing? An argument that came to mind that I witnessed was about voting between my fiancé friend and his father. The father was trying to persuade the friend to register to vote. The friend was very adamant that he was not going to register to vote or vote because he feels that his vote will not matter. The father attempted to inform the friend the benefits of voting for not only him but his family and ask if he wants his mother to be taken care of because there are items on the ballots that can eliminate senior care. The friend became very emotional due to the trauma that affected him while being raised by his mother. The argument was not resolved as the friend was still adamant about not voting because he felt that his vote will not matter and was unconcern if there were no benefits to support his mother. I notice some Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc, Red Herring, Slipper Slope, and Straw Man fallacies that prevented the discussion from being resolved. I learned from this experience that fallacy can be a faulty argument when someone is trying to influence someone else with their own reasoning. My attempts to avoid fallacies being used in my proposal writing is to reassure that my argument is supporting my overall idea without being bias and credible evidence to support my claim.

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