NURS 6051-WK 8 Assign

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1 The Use of Electronic Prescription to Reduce Medication Errors Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Professor’s Name Course Date

2 The Use of Electronic Prescription to Reduce Medication Errors Medication errors are a dangerous and costly mistake in the medical industry, causing physical and financial harm. Healthcare practitioners have introduced new practices and systems, including electronic prescriptions, to combat this issue. Though the literature suggests positive results from using this new technology, there is still conflicting evidence about the exact impact of electronic prescriptions on reducing medication errors. This review aims to provide an overview of the latest literature on the impact of electronic prescriptions on reducing medication errors in an outpatient clinic, neonatal care, hospital, and transition of care settings. Based on a synthesis of the literature, this review seeks to identify the impact of electronic prescriptions on reducing medication errors and to suggest best practice strategies to improve patient safety and care further. Kenawy, A. S., & Kett, V. (2019). The impact of electronic prescription on reducing medication errors in an Egyptian outpatient clinic. International journal of medical informatics , 127 , 80-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2019.04.005 Kenawy & Kett (2019) investigated the impact of an electronic prescription (e- prescription) system on preventing medication errors in an outpatient clinic in Egypt. This study involved medical records from several prescriptions. The study focused on changes in the number of mistakes before and after implementing the e-prescription system. The results of this study showed that the number of medication errors decreased following the implementation of e-prescriptions. Specifically, the percentage of errors dropped from 0.2% before the implementation of the system to 0.1% after it was in place. This data suggests that the e-prescription system positively reduced the rate of medication errors in the outpatient clinic. Further, the study also showed that errors related to the

3 omission of a dose, drug indication, and a physician’s instruction were reduced after the system was in place. This research supports using an electronic prescription system to reduce medication errors in an outpatient clinic. This is an important finding, as it suggests that e- prescription systems can effectively reduce medical errors and improve patient safety. The findings of Kenawy & Kett’s (2019) study align with the literature surrounding the effectiveness of e-prescription systems in reducing medical errors. Furthermore, this study has identified key lessons about implementing an electronic prescription system, which can help inform future research and practice. The data from this study suggests that there are differences in the types of medication errors that are reduced following the implementation of e-prescription systems. As such, this study highlights the need for healthcare practitioners to consider the types of mistakes that an e-prescription system can help reduce, especially in settings with limited resources. Additionally, the paper suggests that further research is needed to understand the impact of e-prescription systems on medication errors and to identify best practice strategies for implementation in other settings. Nguyen, M. N. R., Mosel, C., & Grzeskowiak, L. E. (2018). Interventions to reduce medication errors in neonatal care: a systematic review. Therapeutic advances in drug safety , 9 (2), 123-155. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042098617748868 Nguyen et al. (2018) systematically reviewed interventions to reduce medication errors in neonatal care. The study identified seven interventions, divided into four categories: comprehensive medication management, electronic management, education, and team- based involvement. These interventions included using pregnant women and neonates in

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4 the prevention process, computer Order Entry systems, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) staff training, decision support systems, and safe medication handling protocols. The study found that implementing computer order entry systems was the most effective way to reduce neonatal medication errors. Computer order entry systems provide healthcare professionals with electronic access to medication orders and allow for real- time tracking and monitoring of medications. The authors highlighted that by implementing computer order entry systems, medication errors can be reduced by up to 57%. Furthermore, the authors suggest that implementing computer order entry systems can improve patient outcomes, including reduced mortality rates due to medication errors and fewer readmission rates. The study also emphasizes the importance of team-based involvement in enhancing patient safety. The authors suggested that patient safety must involve healthcare professionals at all levels, from front-line staff to physicians and administrators. Effective team-based involvement can provide healthcare professionals with a better understanding of patient safety protocols, which are critical for successfully implementing electronic management systems and preventing medication errors. Implementing computer order entry systems is an effective way to reduce medication errors ( Nguyen et al., 2018) . However, the study also highlights the importance of team-based involvement in enhancing patient safety by providing healthcare professionals with a better understanding of patient safety protocols. Furthermore, the results of this study suggest that education and training for NICU staff can also play an important role in reducing medication errors through improved communication and coordination between all involved stakeholders. The authors suggest that to improve patient safety and care

5 further, healthcare practitioners must continue researching and evaluating the most effective ways to reduce medication errors in neonatal care. Roumeliotis, N., Sniderman, J., Adams-Webber, T., Addo, N., Anand, V., Rochon, P., ... & Parshuram, C. (2019). Effect of electronic prescribing strategies on medication error and harm in hospital: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of general internal medicine , 34 , 2210-2223. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-019-05236-8 The study focusing on the effect of electronic prescribing strategies on medication error and harm in the hospital was conducted by (Roumeliotis et al., 2019). The research proposed evaluating the differences in medication errors and harms between patients who receive electronic prescriptions and those who use traditional paper-based prescriptions. A systematic literature review was conducted, including randomized controlled trials and prospective and retrospective comparative studies. After the review, several studies were thoroughly analyzed. The study results showed that electronic prescriptions significantly reduced medication errors compared to traditional paper-based prescriptions. Furthermore, the data suggested that electronic prescribing strategies can help reduce drug-related harm, medical or clinical costs, and unnecessary lab tests, with a few exceptions where the benefits are comparable. The study found that the use of electronic prescription systems, compared to traditional paper-based prescriptions, significantly reduced medication errors. This is because electronic prescriptions create a single repository for all the patient data, which helps avoid multiple entries for the same medication. Furthermore, electronic prescriptions are also easier and faster to complete, thus reducing the time taken to complete a prescription. Additionally, electronic prescriptions come with built-in decision support

6 tools that help to alert prescribers of drug-drug interactions and other potential errors. The study also highlighted some of the challenges of implementing electronic prescription systems. This includes the fact that providers might need to be more accustomed to the system, which can decrease entry accuracy (Roumeliotis et al., 2019). Moreover, the cost of implementing such systems is also a challenge, as the cost of software can be high for some institutions. Wheeler, A. J., Scahill, S., Hopcroft, D., & Stapleton, H. (2018). Reducing medication errors at transitions of care is everyone’s business. Australian prescriber , 41 (3), 73. https://doi.org/10.18773%2Faustprescr.2018.021 Wheeler et al. (2018) conducted a study to assess the impact of electronic prescriptions on reducing medication errors in transition-of-care settings. Their study revealed that medication errors are more common in the transition of care due to the difficulty of accurately recording information and delivering it to the next transition. They noted that the introduction of electronic prescribing was effective at reducing prescribing errors and delays and streamlining the communication and coordination of care. Wheeler et al. (2018) also found an overall reduction in medication errors in the transition of care settings when electronic prescribing was available. The researchers highlighted several best practices that could help reduce medication errors in the transition of care settings, including a national standard for data collection, the use of an automated system to generate the medication list, an integrated system to share information with other healthcare providers, and the provision of education for health professionals. They also stressed the need for close monitoring and evaluation of medication errors to identify potential areas of improvement.

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7 The study indicated that there is potential to significantly improve care for patients in the transition of care settings and provide greater confidence for healthcare providers who can improve their decision-making processes and make better informed prescribing decisions. The findings of this study suggest that electronic prescribing can be a powerful tool in reducing medication errors and improving patient safety. Furthermore, an automated system to generate the medication list and an integrated system to share information with other healthcare professionals is essential in ensuring a higher standard of quality care for every patient. Conclusion In conclusion, this review highlights the importance of electronic prescription systems to reduce medication errors. All four articles indicate that the use of electronic prescribing systems can decrease the number of mistakes, making them a valuable tool for improving patient safety. In particular, using electronic prescription systems in neonatal care, transition of care settings, and outpatient clinics can significantly reduce the number of medication errors. Further, computer order entry systems, team-based involvement, and an automated system to generate the medication list can also improve patient safety. While further research is necessary to understand the impact of electronic prescription systems on reducing medication errors, the current evidence suggests that electronic prescription systems can significantly improve patient safety and care.

8 References Kenawy, A. S., & Kett, V. (2019). The impact of electronic prescription on reducing medication errors in an Egyptian outpatient clinic. International journal of medical informatics , 127 , 80-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2019.04.005 Nguyen, M. N. R., Mosel, C., & Grzeskowiak, L. E. (2018). Interventions to reduce medication errors in neonatal care: a systematic review. Therapeutic advances in drug safety , 9 (2), 123-155. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042098617748868 Roumeliotis, N., Sniderman, J., Adams-Webber, T., Addo, N., Anand, V., Rochon, P., ... & Parshuram, C. (2019). Effect of electronic prescribing strategies on medication error and harm in hospital: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of general internal medicine , 34 , 2210-2223. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-019-05236-8 Wheeler, A. J., Scahill, S., Hopcroft, D., & Stapleton, H. (2018). Reducing medication errors at transitions of care is everyone’s business. Australian prescriber , 41 (3), 73. https://doi.org/10.18773%2Faustprescr.2018.021

NURS 6051-WK 8 Assign

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