Pharmacological Effects of Antiretroviral Medication in the Management of HIV Infection
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Apr 29, 2024
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Jacqueline Sed
Pharmacological Effects of Antiretroviral Medication in the Management of HIV Infection
St. Thomas University
Dr. Delia Leal
April 19, 2024
2
Abstract
Antiretroviral treatment (ART) should be started as soon as feasible following an HIV diagnosis. It is important to remove obstacles to care, such as those pertaining to obtaining ART and adherence assistance. Initial therapeutic regimens that involve integrase strand transfer inhibitors continue to be the standard. Long-acting injectable treatment with cabotegravir with rilpivirine administered as seldom as every two months is now an option for patients who have achieved viral suppression with a daily oral regimen. Certain antiviral drugs have been associated with weight gain and metabolic problems; new approaches to address these issues are required. People living with HIV are facing health difficulties associated with aging, making it more crucial than ever to manage comorbidities throughout their lives. Moreover, an integrated, evidence-based strategy is needed to address drug use disorders in HIV-positive individuals. Medications taken orally (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or tenofovir alafenamide + emtricitabine) and, for the first time, an injectable long-acting drug, cabotegravir, are options for preexposure prophylaxis (Gandhi et al., 2023).
3
Introduction
Methods for treating and preventing HIV infection are still being developed, forty years after the first cases were documented. As soon as an HIV diagnosis is made, a person should begin treatment. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) should be initiated as soon as possible if they have an opportunistic infection, in order to treat it. Daily oral medication is one of the initial alternatives for antiretroviral therapy (ART), typically in conjunction with an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (InSTI). Once viral suppression has been attained, patients may be ready to begin a long-acting injectable treatment, such as cabotegravir and rilpivirine [RPV], which can be administered every two months.
Both new possibilities and difficulties exist as HIV treatment and prevention improve. HIV-positive individuals are living longer, which raises significant age-related issues that are needed for a comprehensive strategy. For the best results in HIV treatment and prevention, multidisciplinary and holistic care for individuals with drug use disorders is necessary. Clinicians
and HIV-positive individuals are facing fast changing issues due to other infectious disease outbreaks, such COVID-19 and the recent monkeypox virus infection. Work has to be quadrupled, with equity serving as the driving principle, in order to successfully address these and other issues and to take advantage of the chance to end the HIV pandemic (Gandhi et al., 2023). Pathophysiology of HIV Infection
HIV is an encapsulated virus that has a unique affinity for immune system cells, where it may multiply. The virus causes an acute infection, which in most HIV+ people continue as a relatively asymptomatic condition over time while having cumulatively detrimental
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