CHS TEST 1,2 Q&A openai
docx
keyboard_arrow_up
School
Texas State University *
*We aren’t endorsed by this school
Course
MISC
Subject
Medicine
Date
Jan 9, 2024
Type
docx
Pages
17
Uploaded by EarlEagle3269
Q: When did Confederation become a reality in Canada?
A: Confederation became a reality with the passage of the British North America Act in 1867, renamed the Constitution Act in 1982.
Q: What provinces comprised the Dominion of Canada initially?
A: Initially, the Dominion of Canada consisted of Ontario, Quebec (formerly Upper and Lower Canada), New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia.
Q: Who was the Dominion's prime minister at the time of Confederation?
A: Sir John A. Macdonald served as the Dominion's prime minister during Confederation.
Q: What governmental structures were established by the British North America Act?
A: The British North America Act established a federal government, comprising the House of Commons and the Senate, which remains the same today.
Q: What was the population count in the first census after the establishment of the Dominion of Canada?
A: The first census in 1871 reported a population of 3,689,257 in the Dominion of Canada.
Q: How were health care responsibilities divided between the federal and provincial governments early on?
A: Early legislation regarding health care responsibilities was vague, but even at this early stage, responsibilities were divided between the federal and provincial governments.
Q: What responsibilities were entrusted to the federal government regarding health matters under the British North America Act?
A: The federal government was responsible for the establishment and maintenance of marine hospitals, care for Indigenous populations, and the management of quarantine, especially during outbreaks of diseases like cholera, diphtheria, typhoid fever, tuberculosis (TB), and influenza.
Q: What were the primary responsibilities of the provinces concerning health care under the British North America Act?
A: Provinces were responsible for establishing and managing hospitals, asylums, charities, and charitable institutions. They assumed many health care and social welfare responsibilities by default as they were not clearly outlined as federal responsibilities.
Q: What responsibilities does the federal government currently hold in health care in Canada?
A: The federal government currently retains responsibility for health care for Indigenous communities (on reserves), some members of the RCMP, the armed forces, people detained by Correctional Services, veterans, and temporary health insurance for selected refugee claimants under the Interim Federal Health Program (IFHP).
Q: When did the federal government establish the Department of Health, and what were its initial undertakings?
A: The Department of Health was established in 1919. Initially, it focused on issues such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and child welfare, establishing venereal disease clinics across the country and launching campaigns promoting child welfare.
Q: How has the federal department responsible for health care evolved over time?
A: The department underwent several name changes, from the Department of Health to the Department
of Pensions and National Health in 1928, and then to the Department of National Health and Welfare in 1944. Its responsibilities expanded to include food and drug control, public health programs, and the operation of Canada's Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, later renamed Health Canada in 1993.
1. Q: Who were the first doctors in Canada, and how did they arrive?
A: The first doctors in Canada were a combination of civilian and military physicians who arrived with European settlers, primarily from England and France.
2. Q: How was medical care initially provided in the 18th and early 19th centuries, and who could afford
it?
A: Initially, medical care was provided at home by doctors, and wealthier settlers could afford medical attention and seek care in hospitals.
3. Q: What was the role of religious and charitable organizations in providing medical care to less fortunate individuals?
A: Less fortunate individuals received care through religious and charitable organizations or from family and friends who used botanical remedies and natural medicines shared by Indigenous peoples.
4. Q: When was Canada's first medical school established, and where?
A: Canada's first medical school was established in Montreal in 1825.
5. Q: What was the impact of an increasing number of doctors, hospitals, and medical schools by the time of Confederation?
A: By the time of Confederation, Canada had an increasing number of doctors, hospitals, and medical schools, leading to more accessible medical and hospital care for all sectors of the population.
Traditional Healing Practices of Indigenous Canadians: 1. Q: How were traditional healing practices and ceremonies of Indigenous peoples typically passed down?
A: Traditional healing practices and ceremonies of Indigenous peoples were passed down orally and through hands-on experiences, often with limited written resources.
2. Q: What roles did Indigenous healers play in the healthcare system, and which group was often recognized as powerful healers?
A: Indigenous healers, including medicine men, shamans, midwives, and herbal healers, played vital roles, with women often recognized as powerful healers.
3. Q: What was the lifestyle and diet of Indigenous people like before contact with Europeans?
A: Prior to contact with Europeans, Indigenous people led active lifestyles and had a healthy diet based on hunting, fishing, and harvesting local vegetation.
4. Q: What were the foundational beliefs behind Indigenous healing practices?
A: Indigenous healing practices were rooted in holistic and spiritual beliefs, emphasizing an integral relationship with nature and "Mother Earth."
5. Q: How were herbal medicines and healing knowledge transmitted through generations?
A: Healing and the use of herbal medicines were passed down through generations via oral teachings and observances.
6. Q: Give examples of specific natural elements used in Indigenous healing practices.
A: Indigenous healers used a variety of plants, herbs, roots, and fungi for treating disorders, such as willow tree bark for headaches, dandelion for skin ailments, and gooseberries for constipation.
7. Q: What's the relationship between traditional Indigenous medicines and contemporary Western medicinal practices?
A: Many traditional medicines have been integrated into contemporary Western medicinal practices.
1. Q: What traditional rituals and spiritual ceremonies are still practiced today among Indigenous communities?
A: Traditional rituals and spiritual ceremonies like the sweat lodge, healing circle, smudging ceremonies, and the Medicine Wheel are still used today, albeit with variations among different Indigenous groups.
2. Q: Explain the significance of the sweat lodge in traditional healing.
A: The sweat lodge is a cleansing and healing ceremony where participants endure extreme heat to receive messages from the spirit world and gain a renewed sense of self and life's direction.
3. Q: Describe the healing circle and its purpose in Indigenous ceremonies.
A: The healing circle is structured to promote open communication, including elements like smudging,
prayers, and a facilitator leading the session, allowing everyone the chance to speak.
4. Q: What does the Medicine Wheel symbolize, and what aspects of human life does it emphasize?
A: The Medicine Wheel represents the spiritual, physical, cognitive, and emotional aspects of a person, emphasizing responsibility in each category for total health, symbolizing continuous movement and connectivity.
Contact with Outsiders and Impact on Indigenous Health: 1. Q: How did early contact with European traders and settlers affect the Indigenous population's health?
A: Diseases introduced during early contact, such as smallpox, tuberculosis, influenza, whooping cough, and measles, caused devastating effects and led to the deaths of thousands of Indigenous people.
2. Q: What actions did the British North American Act and the Indian Act take in relation to Indigenous practices?
A: These acts set the stage for the assimilation of Indigenous people, restricting their practices and discrediting traditional healing ceremonies and practitioners.
3. Q: What effect did residential schools have on Indigenous physical and mental health?
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
A: Indigenous people suffered physical and mental health consequences due to the devastating effects of residential schools.
4. Q: How have Western medical practices impacted traditional healing among Indigenous communities?
A: Western medical practices have largely replaced traditional healing, but some institutions now integrate traditional health practices with Western medicine.
Development of Hospitals in Canada: 1. Q: What was Canada's first hospital, and when was it established?
A: The Hôtel-Dieu de Quebec in Quebec City, established in 1639 by Augustinian nuns from France, was Canada's first hospital.
2. Q: How did hospitals in the early 1800s primarily function in terms of patient care?
A: Early hospitals focused on treating infectious diseases among the poorer classes, while wealthier individuals preferred private care at home.
3. Q: What medical advancements influenced the role of hospitals in the late 1800s?
A: The introduction of anesthesia, aseptic technique, and improved surgical procedures led to hospitals being regarded as places for treatment, increasing their use.
4. Q: What measures were taken by governments to improve access to medical care in hospitals?
A: Efforts were made to improve access to medical care and create an affordable fee structure.
Segregated Hospitals for Indigenous People: 1. Q: How did the system of separate hospital care for Indigenous people expand after World War II?
A: The federal Department of Health and Welfare expanded a system of separate hospital care for Indigenous people, often utilizing refurbished military barracks or annexes affiliated with other hospitals.
2. Q: Why were Indian hospitals initially established, and what was their primary focus?
A: Initially, these hospitals were established to segregate Indigenous people with tuberculosis, as there was a high incidence of tuberculosis among the Indigenous population, particularly among youth from residential schools.
3. Q: What was the transition of Indian hospitas after the decrease in tuberculosis incidence?
A: As the incidence of tuberculosis decreased, many Indian hospitals were transformed into segregated general hospitals, operating with little regard for traditional healing practices or Indigenous culture.
4. Q: What led to the closure of the majority of Indian hospitals and the merging of Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations into the same facilities?
A: The introduction of Medicare in 1968 prompted the federal government to close down most Indian
hospitals and merge care for both populations into the same facilities.
Role of Volunteer Organizations in Early Health Care: 1. Q: What role did volunteer organizations like the Order of St. John play in Canadian health care?
A: Volunteer organizations like the Order of St. John were pivotal in meeting healthcare needs, offering services in first aid, disaster relief, and home nursing.
2. Q: How has the role of the Order of St. John evolved over the years?
A: Over time, the Order of St. John expanded its volunteer responsibilities and now offers various healthcare services, first aid courses, and participates in community health initiatives across Canada.
Canadian Red Cross Society: 1. Q: What significant services did the Canadian Red Cross Society initially offer after its founding in 1896?
A: Initially, the Canadian Red Cross Society focused on providing home care to maintain families during periods of illness.
2. Q: How did the Canadian Red Cross expand its involvement in public health initiatives?
A: The Red Cross broadened its involvement by establishing outpost hospitals, nursing stations, nutrition services, and university courses in public health nursing.
3. Q: What pivotal change occurred regarding the collection of blood by the Canadian Red Cross Society,
and what was the result?
A: Until 1998, the society supervised blood collection nationwide. After the contaminated blood crisis,
this responsibility was transferred to Canadian Blood Services (except in Quebec), marking the creation of a new national blood authority.
Victorian Order of Nurses (VON): 1. Q: How did the Victorian Order of Nurses (VON) contribute to addressing healthcare needs in Canada
after its establishment in 1897?
A: VON focused on providing healthcare services, especially for women and children in remote areas, becoming a leading national provider of home care.
2. Q: What challenges did the VON face in recent years, and how did it respond?
A: Due to financial difficulties, the VON had to cease operations in various provinces in 2015 but managed to continue in Ontario and Nova Scotia through restructuring.
Children's Aid Society (CAS): 1. Q: What was the primary purpose behind the creation of the Children's Aid Society of Toronto in 1891?
A: The CAS was established to legally protect abandoned and neglected children, initially focusing on providing food and shelter to disadvantaged children.
2. Q: How has the focus and approach of the Children's Aid Society evolved over time?
A: Initially prioritizing care over maintaining family units, the CAS later shifted to emphasize both a secure environment for the child and the importance of preserving families, overseeing many adoptions in Canada.
Public Health Introduction:
1. Q: What measures were implemented by boards of health in Upper and Lower Canada during the 1830s?
A: Boards of health enforced quarantine and sanitation laws, regulated food sales to prevent spoilage,
and restricted immigration to prevent the spread of diseases.
2. Q: What delayed the widespread acceptance of the smallpox vaccine despite evidence of its effectiveness in Nova Scotia during the mid-1800s?
A: Public resistance hindered the widespread acceptance of the smallpox vaccine until the 1900s, despite evidence supporting its effectiveness.
3. Q: What were some primary responsibilities undertaken by public health units established in the early 1900s in various provinces?
A: These units took on tasks such as pasteurizing milk, managing tuberculosis sanatoriums, controlling
the spread of sexually transmitted infections, and focusing on maternal and child health care.
Role of Nursing in Early Health Care: 1. Q: Which was the first structured nurse training program in North America, and where was it established?
A: The Hôtel-Dieu Hospital in Quebec launched the first structured nurse training program in North America.
2. Q: When were Nurse Practitioners introduced in Canada, and where do they currently practice?
A: Nurse Practitioners were introduced in the 1960s and now practice in all Canadian jurisdictions.
3. Q: How did the educational landscape for Registered Nurses change in the mid-1970s, and what is the current entry-to-practice level for RNs?
A: In the mid-1970s, nursing education shifted to colleges and universities, phasing out diploma programs for Registered Nurses. Entry-to-practice for RNs is currently at the baccalaureate level, except in Quebec.
Introduction of Health Insurance: 1. Q: What was the approach taken by the residents of Sarnia, Saskatchewan, in 1914 to attract local doctors to practice medicine in the community?
A: They offered a local doctor an incentive of $1500 from municipal tax dollars to practice medicine in the community instead of joining the army, which successfully attracted more doctors to the area.
2. Q: What significant event occurred in 1916 regarding health care funding in Saskatchewan, Manitoba,
and Alberta?
A: The provincial government passed the Rural Municipality Act, allowing municipalities to collect taxes for retaining physicians and maintaining hospitals, leading to similar plans in several municipalities.
First Attempts to Introduce National Health Insurance: 1. Q: What major social issues did the Conservative government of R.B. Bennett aim to address with the
Employment and Social Insurance Act in 1935?
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
A: The Employment and Social Insurance Act aimed to address issues like minimum wage, unemployment, and public health insurance.
2. Q: What was the outcome of the Employment and Social Insurance Act proposed by R.B. Bennett?
A: The Act was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of Canada and the Privy Council of Great Britain.
Post-World War II: The Political Landscape: 1. Q: What shift in thinking occurred after World War II regarding government responsibility for citizens'
standard of living and access to basic services?
A: There was a growing belief that governments were responsible for providing citizens with a reasonable standard of living and access to basic services, including health care, especially after the devastating effects of the Depression and World War II.
2. Q: How did the federal government attempt to contribute to the development of health care services
in partnership with the provinces after World War II?
A: In 1948, the federal government established grants to fund the development of health care services in collaboration with the provinces. Additionally, a national old-age security program was introduced for individuals aged 70 and older in 1952.
National Health Grants Program and Hospital Insurance: 1. Q: What was the purpose of the National Health Grants Program of 1948 initiated by the federal government?
A: The program aimed to improve hospitals, offer training for healthcare providers, and fund research in public health, tuberculosis, and cancer treatments.
2. Q: What was the impact of the Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act introduced in 1957?
A: The Act provided federal assistance to provinces and territories that implemented comprehensive hospital insurance plans, reducing expenses for insured services by contributing 50 cents on every dollar spent on the plan.
Challenges and Equalization in Implementation: 1. Q: What challenges did some provinces and territories face in implementing comprehensive health services?
A: Population distribution issues led to challenges in providing comprehensive services, which prompted the introduction of an equalization payment system to ensure equal healthcare services across
provinces by sharing revenue. 1. Q: How did the availability of prepaid health care in hospitals affect hospital admissions?
A: The availability of prepaid health care without out-of-pocket fees led to a significant increase in hospital admissions.
2. Q: What was the consequence of the increase in hospital admissions due to prepaid health care?
A: The increase in hospital admissions subsequently led to a dramatic rise in spending for hospital services.
Introduction of Prepaid Medical Care: 1. Q: What initiatives did Tommy Douglas undertake as the premier of Saskatchewan regarding healthcare?
A: Douglas campaigned and initiated the Hospital Insurance Act in 1947, offering residents hospital care in exchange for a modest insurance premium, laying the groundwork for comprehensive, publicly funded medical care.
2. Q: What challenges did Douglas face while attempting to introduce comprehensive medical care in Saskatchewan?
A: Douglas faced opposition from Saskatchewan doctors when aiming to introduce comprehensive, publicly funded medical care in addition to hospital insurance.
Saskatchewan's Medical Care Insurance Act: 1. Q: When did the Saskatchewan Medical Care Insurance Act take effect, and what was the initial response from doctors?
A: The Act took effect in July 1962, coinciding with a province-wide doctors' strike lasting 23 days as a response to its implementation.
2. Q: How did the Saskatchewan government address the strained relationship with doctors following the strike?
A: Amendments to the Medical Care Insurance Act allowed doctors the option to practice outside the medical plan, attempting to repair the relationship.
Events Leading to the Canada Health Act: 1. Q: What were the key concerns regarding healthcare following the introduction of the EPF Act?
A: Health care spending continued to rise, leading to provincial and territorial overspending, necessitating cuts in hospitals and, eventually, doctors began extra billing patients.
2. Q: What were the major recommendations from the Hall Report and the Parliamentary Task Force that led to the Canada Health Act?
A: The Hall Report suggested ending extra billing, allowing doctors to operate outside the public insurance plan, and establishing national standards and an independent National Health Council. The Parliamentary Task Force recommended adjustments to equalization payments, federal responsibility for income distribution, and separating health care funding from higher education funding.
The Canada Health Act (1984): 1. Q: Who was the Prime Minister when the Canada Health Act was passed?
A: The Canada Health Act was passed under the government of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau.
2. Q: What are the primary objectives of the Canada Health Act?
A: The Act aims to ensure equal, prepaid, and accessible health care for eligible Canadians while setting standards for health care service delivery.
3. Q: What conditions must provinces and territories meet to receive federal funding according to the Canada Health Act?
A: Provinces and territories must adhere to criteria such as public administration, comprehensiveness,
universality, portability, and accessibility to qualify for federal payments.
Criteria and Conditions of the Canada Health Act: Public Administration: 1. Q: What is the requirement for managing health insurance plans under the Canada Health Act?
A: Health insurance plans must be managed by a public authority on a nonprofit basis, not controlled by private enterprise or aimed at profit-making.
2. Q: To whom is the public authority overseeing the health insurance plan accountable?
A: The public authority responsible for the health plan is accountable to the provincial or territorial government for decisions regarding benefit levels and services.
3. Q: What level of transparency is expected in managing health insurance plans under the Act?
A: The records and accounts of the public authority managing the health plan must be subject to public audits, ensuring transparency in the system.
4. Q: Which governmental entities are typically responsible for overseeing health plans to meet the criteria of the Canada Health Act?
A: Health plans are usually overseen by the Ministry of Health, Department of Health, or equivalent provincial or territorial government departments.
5. Q: How are health care services usually distributed to meet the Act's criteria?
A: Services provided under health plans are often distributed through regional health authorities or similar entities working within the relevant government department.
Comprehensive Coverage: 1. Q: What defines the nature of services typically covered under provincial or territorial health insurance plans?
A: These plans usually cover prepaid, medically necessary services, including services offered by physicians, hospitals, and, in certain cases, dental surgeons in a hospital setting.
2. Q: Are specific services uniformly covered across all provinces and territories under their respective health plans?
A: No, each province or territory has the flexibility to determine the scope of services covered under their health plan, with certain standard services and the potential inclusion of services like chiropractic care, eye care, and pharmacare for designated groups.
3. Q: What criteria must be met for coverage to comply with universality?
A: Every eligible resident in a province or territory should have equal access to the insured services without facing barriers based on age, wealth, or health condition.
Universality:
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
1. Q: How does the principle of universality impact access to insured health services for Canadians?
A: Universality ensures that all eligible residents, regardless of their age, wealth, or health condition, have the right to access the same insured health services.
2. Q: What role do provinces and territories play in addressing premium payments for health insurance?
A: While provinces and territories can charge premiums, they must ensure that inability to pay these premiums does not prevent individuals from accessing necessary medical care.
Portability: 1. Q: How does portability address Canadians' access to health care when moving between provinces?
A: Canadians moving between provinces are covered by their province of origin during any waiting period in the new province or territory, which generally lasts up to three months.
2. Q: Are there differences in health care coverage during temporary absences from one's home province or territory?
A: Each province or territory has its own rules regarding temporary absences, with various time frames and conditions for retaining coverage during these absences.
Accessibility: 1. Q: How does the Canada Health Act address the concept of "reasonable access" in relation to insured
health services?
A: "Reasonable access" implies the ability to obtain services when and where they're available, even if
that means accessing them elsewhere, sometimes even in another province or country.
2. Q: Are there any limitations to accessibility of health services, particularly for individuals in remote or
underserved areas?
A: Yes, individuals in such areas may face limitations due to shortages of healthcare providers or beds,
potentially requiring them to seek services elsewhere.
Conditions: 1. Q: Why is it necessary for provinces and territories to provide information about insured health care services to the federal government?
A: This exchange of information is crucial for the federal government's role in overseeing and supporting the healthcare system.
2. Q: How does public acknowledgment of federal contributions aid in the healthcare system?
A: Public acknowledgment fosters transparency and accountability in the funding and delivery of healthcare services across the country.
Interpreting the Canada Health Act: 1. Q: How is the term "medically necessary" defined within the context of the Canada Health Act?
A: It's a subjective term typically determined by a physician or healthcare provider, encompassing assessments, diagnostics, and treatments.
2. Q: Why might there be variations in the range of insured services across different provinces or territories?
A: Variations could occur due to different interpretations of what services are medically necessary and
the cost-effectiveness of certain treatments or tests.
Insured Services and Provisions: 1. Q: Who typically determines which services are considered medically necessary and hence insured under the Canada Health Act?
A: Physicians and government officials, often from the Ministry or Department of Health, are typically responsible for determining insured services based on medical necessity.
2. Q: How often do provinces and territories review their lists of insured services, and what changes might occur during these reviews?
A: Periodic reviews allow provinces and territories to add or remove services based on evolving medical understanding and needs.
3. Q: Under what circumstances might a service like elective newborn circumcision be removed from the list of insured services?
A: Such services might be excluded if there's no medical necessity, though they could still be covered if a valid medical reason exists.
Canada Health Act and Charges: 1. Q: Why does the Canada Health Act prohibit extra billing and user charges for insured health services?
A: These charges can create barriers to accessing medical care, hence their prohibition within the Act.
2. Q: What action does the federal government take if a province or territory permits extra billing or user charges?
A: The federal government deducts the amount collected from the next transfer of funds.
Extended Health Care Services: 1. Q: What are some examples of extended health care services covered under the Canada Health Act?
A: Extended services include intermediate care in nursing homes, adult residential care, home care, and services provided in ambulatory care centers.
2. Q: How do provinces and territories determine which optional services will be covered under their health plan?
A: Each province or territory decides which additional services, such as dental care or drug plans, will be part of their health insurance plan.
Commissioned Reports: 3. Q: What were the key purposes of the Mazankowski, Kirby, and Romanow Reports in evaluating Canadian healthcare?
A: The reports aimed to assess the current state of healthcare in Canada, identify challenges, and propose recommendations for improvement.
4. Q: What distinguished the Mazankowski, Kirby, and Romanow Reports in their approach to addressing healthcare issues?
A: Each report offered distinct perspectives and recommendations concerning healthcare, focusing on
different aspects and solutions for system enhancement.
Impact of the Romanow Report: 3. Q: Apart from financial allocations, what were some key changes or initiatives prompted by the Romanow Report?
A: Initiatives included the establishment of the Health Council of Canada, implementation of wait-
time limits posted online, and advancements in primary healthcare reform.
4. Q: Why was the disbandment of the Health Council of Canada significant in the context of healthcare reforms?
A: The Health Council of Canada played a role in overseeing healthcare initiatives, and its disbandment in 2014 affected federal oversight and coordination of healthcare reforms.
First Ministers’ Meeting on the Future of Health Care, 2004: 1. Q: What was the financial commitment made by the federal government during the First Ministers' Meeting on the Future of Health Care in 2004?
A: The federal government pledged $41 billion for health care services over a ten-year span at this meeting.
2. Q: Besides financial commitments, what other agreements or commitments were renewed by the first ministers during this meeting?
A: They renewed their commitment to the criteria outlined in the Canada Health Act and pledged to collaborate more openly, share information, and be more accountable to the public.
Annual Conference of Ministers of Health, 2005: 1. Q: What specific issue took precedence during the Annual Conference of Ministers of Health in 2005?
A: Catastrophic drug coverage was a key focus during this conference.
2. Q: How did the ministers plan to address concerns regarding the relationship between the pharmaceutical industry and provincial/territorial health insurance plans?
A: They discussed measures to standardize drug prices across Canada and asserted better control over
this relationship.
The Kelowna Accord, 2006: 1. Q: What was the primary financial commitment made during the Kelowna Accord in 2006?
A: The federal government pledged $5 billion over five years to enhance health, housing, and education for Indigenous people.
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2. Q: Despite the initial commitments, why were the promises made in the Kelowna Accord not fulfilled?
A: The promises weren't fulfilled because the Paul Martin minority Liberal government fell shortly after the accord meeting.
2014 Health Accord: 1. Q: What significant change was introduced in the Canada Health Transfer (CHT) payments in 2016?
A: From 2016, the transfer dollars were tied to the rate of GDP, ensuring a minimum increase of 3%, a change from the previous fixed 6% annual increase until the 2016-2017 fiscal year.
2. Q: What were some key implications of the 2014 Health Accord on the provincial and territorial CHT transfers?
A: The accord adjusted the allocation of CHT transfers to be on an equal per capita cash basis, excluding tax points, without imposing restrictions on how the money was spent.
2017 Health Accord: 1. Q: What offer did the federal government propose in the 2017 Health Accord negotiations?
A: The federal government offered a 3.5% annual increase in Canada health transfers and $11.5 billion
over a term year for mental health and home care initiatives.
2. Q: Which provinces were among the first to negotiate individual agreements after rejecting the initial
federal offer?
A: Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland and Labrador were among the initial provinces to negotiate individual agreements.
Other Initiatives: 1. Q: What significant review was initiated in Saskatchewan in 2008 to evaluate the healthcare system?
A: The Patient First Review was launched in Saskatchewan in 2008 to assess if the healthcare system was patient-centered and efficient.
2. Q: What positive outcomes were reported following the implementation of the E-Patient and Family-
Centred Care (PFCC) Framework?
A: The framework resulted in improvements in healthcare, including reduced surgical wait times.
Residential Schools: 1. Q: What were Residential Schools in Canada, and what was their purpose?
A: Residential Schools were federally funded, church-run boarding schools designed to assimilate Indigenous youth into Canadian society and culture.
2. Q: When did these schools operate, and what was the estimated impact on Indigenous children?
A: Operating from 1831 to 1996, approximately 150,000 Indigenous children were taken from their families and communities.
3. Q: What was the outcome of the Indian/Indigenous Residential Schools Settlement in 2007?
A: The settlement established a compensation fund for individual packages, the Aboriginal/Indigenous
Healing Foundation, and the Indian/Indigenous Residential Schools Resolution Health Support Program, offering mental health and emotional trauma support.
Newfoundland's Cottage Hospital System: 1. Q: What was Newfoundland's Cottage Hospital and Medical Care Plan?
A: In the 1930s, it funded the construction of small hospitals and provided healthcare services to scattered communities along Newfoundland's coastline.
2. Q: What services were provided by these hospitals, and how were they financed?
A: Outpatient care, immunizations, prenatal and infant care, and home follow-ups were offered, with families paying an annual fee of $10 for healthcare access.
3. Q: What was unique about Newfoundland's cottage hospital system?
A: The system was considered innovative for its time, utilizing small hospitals and clinics to provide rural healthcare, with elements continuing in modern healthcare systems.
The Hall Report and Medical Care Act: 1. Q: What was the significance of the Hall Report in Canadian healthcare history?
A: The Hall Report of 1960 played a crucial role in shaping the Medical Care Act of 1966, which supported the introduction of Canada's national medicare system.
2. Q: What were some key recommendations put forth by the Hall Report?
A: The report recommended the expansion of medical schools and hospitals, doubling the number of physicians by 1990, and the replacement of private health insurance companies with provincial public health insurance plans.
3. Q: What was the main objective of the Medical Care Act of 1966?
A: The Act aimed to establish a national medicare system and required the federal government to share the costs of healthcare plans that met specific criteria outlined in the Act.
Implementation of the Medical Care Act: 1. Q: When was the Medical Care Act implemented, and how did provinces respond to it?
A: The Act was implemented on July 1, 1968, and by 1972, all provinces and territories had accepted it.
2. Q: What were the initial components covered by the Medical Care Act?
A: Initially, the Act covered in-hospital care and physicians' services.
3. Q: How did the implementation of the Medical Care Act impact healthcare in Canada?
A: It prompted a recognition of the need for community-based care and required a restructuring of the funding formula due to rising costs associated with physician and hospital care.
Established Programs Financing Act:
1. Q: What were the key changes brought by the Established Programs Financing Act of 1977?
A: This act replaced the 50/50 cost-sharing formula with a block transfer of cash and tax points for healthcare and postsecondary education. It also allowed more flexibility in spending money, particularly for community-based services.
Eligibility under the Canada Health Act: 1. Q: How does the Canada Health Act define eligibility for healthcare in Canada?
A: The Act defines a resident as someone lawfully entitled to be or remain in Canada, making their home in the province, and being ordinarily present there. It excludes tourists, transients, or visitors from eligibility.
Primary Objective of Canadian Health Care Policy: 1. Q: What is the primary objective outlined in the Canadian Health Care Policy?
A: The main objective is to protect, promote, and restore the physical and mental well-being of Canadian residents while ensuring reasonable access to health services without financial or other barriers.
Criteria and Conditions of the Canada Health Act: 1. Q: What are the criteria and conditions outlined in the Canada Health Act?
A: The Act sets criteria including public administration, comprehensive coverage, universality, portability, and accessibility. Additionally, it establishes conditions related to information and recognition.
Alternative Health Care Strategies: 1. Q: What are some alternative health care strategies implemented in response to various challenges in different Canadian provinces?
A: Strategies included initiatives like New Brunswick's "hospital without walls" concept, the establishment of the Extra-Mural Program for home and community care, national reports examining health status, efforts to address gaps in mental health and homecare, legalization of medically assisted aid in dying, and the intersection of healthcare concerns with environmental issues.
Mazankowski Report: 1. Q: What were the key recommendations put forward by the Mazankowski Report in Alberta?
A: The report advocated for the allowance of doctors to practice in private health care settings after a specific tenure in the public sector, suggested delisting selected services from the provincial plan after review, and proposed the implementation of province-wide electronic health records and health cards.
2. Q: What significant initiative did Alberta undertake as a result of the Mazankowski Report?
A: By 2003, Alberta became the first province to initiate a province-wide electronic health record program as suggested in the report.
Kirby Report:
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
1. Q: What were the main proposals outlined in the Kirby Report regarding the Canadian health care system?
A: The report highlighted the unsustainability of the health care system with existing funding levels, proposed new taxes or insurance premiums based on income, recommended setting wait time limits and
government payment for treatment elsewhere if these limits were exceeded, suggested government-
funded medication assistance based on income, and proposed substantial investments in information technology and medical equipment.
2. Q: How did the Kirby Report differ from the widely accepted Romanow Report?
A: Unlike the Romanow Report, the Kirby Report wasn't as widely embraced. However, Ontario did adopt payment premiums for health care, a concept proposed in the Kirby Report.
1. Q: Who led the Romanow Report, and what was its primary objective?
A: The report was chaired by Roy Romanow, former premier of Saskatchewan, and aimed to present recommendations to ensure the sustainability of Canada's health care system while considering health promotion and disease prevention initiatives.
2. Q: How did the Romanow Report differ from the Mazankowski Report in terms of the privatization of health care?
A: Unlike the Mazankowski Report, the Romanow Report opposed privatization of health care and discouraged the creation of new private health care initiatives.
3. Q: What key recommendation did the Romanow Report make regarding accountability in the Canada Health Act?
A: The report suggested adding the criterion of accountability to the Canada Health Act.
4. Q: What were some of the proposed extensions to health care coverage in the Romanow Report?
A: The report recommended extending coverage for home care, diagnostic testing, palliative care, mental health care, and even suggested covering catastrophic drug costs under certain terms and conditions.
5. Q: How did the Romanow Report propose to handle Employment Insurance benefits for individuals caring for sick or dying loved ones at home?
A: It recommended extending Employment Insurance benefits and job security to family members and friends who chose to care for sick or dying loved ones at home.
6. Q: What was suggested regarding the establishment of a national body for drug-related matters in the Romanow Report?
A: The report recommended the establishment of a national body to control drug prices, maintain a centralized list of drugs covered by public health plans, monitor the safety and cost of new drugs, and review the efficacy and outcomes of drugs in use.
1. Q: What were the significant milestones in the establishment of Canada's national health insurance program?
A: Saskatchewan took the lead by introducing universal public hospital insurance in 1947, followed by a medical insurance plan for physician services in 1962. These initiatives were later adopted by other provinces, with cost-sharing from the federal government.
2. Q: What principles does the Canada Health Act (CHA) enshrine?
A: The CHA upholds five fundamental principles: comprehensiveness, universality, portability, accessibility, and public administration.
3. Q: How does portability function within the Canadian health care system?
A: Portability allows residents moving to a different province or territory to still receive coverage from their home province during a waiting period. The same applies to residents leaving the country.
4. Q: What is the significance of the principle of public administration in the Canada Health Act?
A: Public administration mandates that all provincial health insurance be administered by a public authority on a non-profit basis, ensuring accountability and audits.
5. Q: What were some key changes brought about by the Canada Health Act, and how were they received?
A: The Act eliminated user charges and direct supplementary billing by physicians, a move that faced opposition from some provincial governments and the Canadian Medical Association.
6. Q: How do provinces and territories engage with the requirements of the Canada Health Act?
A: Provinces and territories must submit annual reports to ensure compliance with the stipulations of the Canada Health Act.