C799 Performance Assessment Task 2
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Jan 9, 2024
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C799 Healthcare Ecosystems
Performance Assessment Task 2
Lindsay McGahee
C799: Healthcare Ecosystems
Tricia Jones
May 9, 2023
A1 Historical Events that Influenced the Evolution of Medicine
There are many historical events that influenced the evolution of medicine including the foundation and development of public hospitals and schools of medicine. In 1751, Pennsylvania Hospital was opened as the first public hospital. Prior to the establishment of public hospitals, seeking public medical care was a rarity and most individuals tried to treat themselves at home. In 1765, the first medical school, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, was opened and allowed students to learn more about anatomy and the treatment of patients. In the 1860s, public hospitals were becoming more commonplace in urban areas and were a place where patients could expect treatment rather than just a place to go when near death. The Civil War, which occurred from 1861 to 1865, influenced the methods and demand for knowledge in the treatment of injuries and diseases. In the 1870s, the Medical Practice Acts were passed and licensure of physicians become mandatory. This starts the movement towards more education physicians and treatment. In 1893, John Hopkins School of Medicine opened and introduced a new learning style with patient interaction and laboratory skills. In 1910, the Flexner Report
was published. This report was eye-opening in regards to medical education and regulation of practicing physicians and facilities. World War I, occurring from 1914 to 1918, and World War II, occurring from 1939 to 1945, brought the need for more development and knowledge in the treatment of injuries and diseases seen during wars. In 1948, the World Health Organization was established and ethics for medical research and clinical trials were set in place as a result of the Nuremberg trials. In 1965, Medicare and Medicaid were established to provide coverage for care for the elderly and financially unstable individuals. In 1980, area safety-net hospitals were created, allowing for more widespread healthcare availability. In 1996, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was passed. In 2000, To Err is Human
is released by The Institute of Medicine (IOM) to bring awareness to issues of safety in healthcare. Shortly after, the IOM released Crossing the Quality Chasm
, to address healthcare quality issues. In 2008, The Institute for Healthcare Improvement introduces the Triple Aim.
This focused on care, health, and cost within healthcare management. In 2010, the Affordable Care Act is
passed, allowing for more individuals to have access to insurance and affordable healthcare. In 2019, the
Affordable Care Act is repealed. (Wagner, 2020, p. 37-41)
A2 Historical Events that Influenced the Roles of Healthcare Professionals
There are many events that influenced the roles of healthcare professionals including the creation of medical schools and the increasing requirements to ensure quality of care. In 1765, the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, was opened as the first medical school in the United States. In 1857, Elizabeth Blackwell becomes known as the first female physician in the United States. In the 1870s, the Medical Practice Acts are passed and physician licensure becomes required to practice. This ensured quality control review for all practicing physicians. In 1884, Detroit’s Harper Hospital Nursing School is opened and allows for education within the nursing profession. In 1910, the Flexner report is published and opens the door for more rigorous education and regulation of providers. In 1989, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989 was passed, introducing physician fee-schedules and reimbursement guidelines based on resource-based relative value scales (RBRVS). In 1996, HIPAA is introduced and calls for more accountability and privacy standards with health information. (Wagner, 2020, p. 37-41)
A3 Historical Events that Influenced Technology in Healthcare
There are many events that have influenced the growth of technology in healthcare including the creation of x-ray and MRI machines and more recently the rapid growth of Electronic Health Record systems. In 1893, the discovery of x-rays is found by Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen. In 1931, the electron microscope is created. In 1943, the first dialysis machine is created by Willem Johan Kolff. In 1971, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was invented by Paul Lauterbur. In the past 20 years, the development and implementation of Electronic Health Record Systems have become more demanded and required to ensure efficient, quality healthcare. (Wagner, 2020, p. 37-41)
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B Components of a Healthcare Delivery System
The components of a healthcare delivery system are financial and clinical aspects. These are most commonly seen in a hospital setting. The financial component includes cost management criteria to allow for a variety of healthcare services to be offered at a reasonable cost. The clinical component is based on the quality of care and services that can be offered to provide the best patient outcome. These components intertwine due to payment incentives based upon quality clinical care. (Oachs, 2020, p. 26)
B1 Influence of Operation of a Healthcare Delivery System on Patient Care Access
The healthcare delivery system has influenced the creation of Medicare and Medicaid. Medicare provides health insurance for individuals 65 years of age and older and select disabled patients. Medicaid provides health insurance to financially unstable individuals who might not be able to seek healthcare otherwise. Both of these programs have made great impacts on providing patient care access to individuals that would likely not have access otherwise.
B2 Influence of Operations of a Healthcare Delivery System on Patient Cost
Standardized healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid have made various treatments accessible to patients that would typically not be an option due to cost. Many healthcare delivery systems, such as hospitals or outpatient services, can be very expensive. Programs such as these in healthcare delivery systems have introduced a fee schedule to help cut down on patient costs and increase the quality of care.
B3 Influence of Operations of a Healthcare Delivery System on Patient Care Costs
Programs such as Medicare and Medicaid that have been introduced into healthcare delivery systems have helped patients who could typically not afford healthcare services. These programs have
established set and consistent pricing for all patients to ensure that they will receive the same quality care in any healthcare delivery system.
C1 One Federal Government Initiative Related to Health Informatics (Trends in Healthcare and Emerging Technological Developments)
One federal government initiative that affects health informatics in technology is the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). HIPAA has established increasingly strict standards for the handling of health information in recent years. The evolution of Electronic Health Record systems has been a great step forward in maintaining compliance with HIPAA. The privacy and security that EHR systems provide compared to paper medical records is visibly more beneficial and efficient.
C2 Discuss how emerging technology affects the practice of medicine
Emerging technology, such as Electronic Health Record systems, has greatly impacted the practice of medicine in recent years. EHRs have allowed for more complete and consistent practice and treatment methods, along with the ability to track and correlate patient treatment plans and patient outcomes. Due to this, amongst other features of Electronic Health Record systems, the practice of medicine has become more efficient and focused on providing quality and equal care to every patient.
Sources
Oachs, P., & Watters, A. (2020). Health information management: Concepts, principles, and practice (6th ed.). American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA)
Wagner, S. L. (2020). The United States healthcare system: Overview, driving forces, and outlook for the future. Health Administration Press
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