BUS-FPX4002_CapacetteLourdes_Assessment1

1 Evolution of the Hospital Industry: A Comparative Analysis Lourdes Capacette Capella University BHA-FPX4002: History of the United States Health Care System Chanadra Whiting November 2, 2023

2 Evolution of the Hospital Industry: A Comparative Analysis The development of hospital care is examined in this comparative analysis report, with notable leaps from the 1800s through the 1960s and 2000s. This report's objective is to demonstrate the evolution of the healthcare sector over time, with a focus on hospitals. The hospital settings, the educational backgrounds of the medical staff, the quality of care given, and the payment methods for that care are all reviewed. There was a discernible shift from the 1800s to the 1960s in every area examined, as hospitals were developed with more excellent care and consideration. As a result, there was a noticeable improvement in hospital quality during this period. Hospital Care Evolution Throughout the United States, hospitals underwent a costly, state-of-the-art transformation into hospitals of science and technology between 1865 and 1925. They saw a rise in middle-class, paying clients (Pennsylvania School of Nursing, 2021). They faced more competition and financial strain as a result of the process. Hospitals have developed into a ground-breaking industry that can treat various conditions and continuously create new procedures. Initially, they served as a way to separate the mentally ill and impoverished from the general public. From the 1800s until now, these hospitals have advanced significantly thanks to the backing of the wealthy and the government. Hospital Environment 1800's

4 American healthcare system and society serve as proxies for one another in many ways: the whole reveals a great deal about the part, and the part reveals a great deal about the whole. The healthcare industry was already a sizable one at the beginning of the 1960s. In the late 1950s, interstate railroads, the steel, and car industries employed fewer people than hospitals. Every year, one in eight Americans receives an inpatient admission (Somers & Somers, 1961). Studying health care, with all of its paradoxes and complexities, in the 1960s and today is akin to delving into the nature and contradictions of the US, that big, brash, divided, and oddly optimistic country 2000's With healthcare costs rising, care delivery becoming more variable, and patient satisfaction becoming more critical, the need for effective measures to enhance the quality of care has come to the fore. This is the first ten-year (2000–2010) systematic review of interventions in a hospital setting. This review moves beyond a broad assessment of outcome significance levels. It recommends future effective and accessible interventions (Conry et al., 2012)—improved dialogue between the doctor and the patient. The way people interact with their clinicians and receive care can be altered by information technology. A two-minute email exchange could address many patients' needs more effectively and affordably than a $65 office visit and a half-day off work. Staff Education Volunteer doctors worked in hospitals in the 1800s, frequently to obtain more experience before entering private practice (Zand, 2018). During this period, diploma

5 mills—a medical school founded by an under qualified physician seeking additional funding—became well-known as a convenient means of obtaining a medical degree quickly (Zand, 2018). At the time, there were no standards for obtaining a medical license. Eventually, procedures were set in the 1900s to standardize education and to specify the requirements for obtaining a medical license (Young & Kroth, 2017). Federal grant programs were created in the 1960s to give professional schools the money they needed to conduct research and development and ongoing instruction (Young & Kroth, 2017). Since 2000, all medical personnel have been obliged to undergo extensive education, with doctors requiring the most time in the classroom—three to seven years after completing medical school. Level of Care The standard of care one could anticipate from a hospital in the early 1800s needed to be revised. According to (2018), hospitals provided patients with minimal treatment plans and primarily served as a place of comfort until their passing. Hospitals became significantly safer for patients after the discovery of sterilization and antiseptic techniques in the late 1800s (Zand, 2018). Hospitals could diagnose and treat various illnesses by the 1960s thanks to sophisticated technologies now considered standard care (Zand, 2018). Hospital-acquired infections and avoidable medical errors began to affect patients in the 2000s. Research into incurable diseases and preventing these issues are top priorities.

7 Conclusion Studying the history of hospital care is crucial because, as with any other aspect of life, it helps to understand how and why the field came to be where it is now. This can help shape a future advantageous to this industry and patient care by illuminating the reasons behind current practices. References University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing. (n.d.). History of hospitals . • Nursing, History, and Health Care • Penn Nursing. https://www.nursing.upenn.edu/nhhc/nurses-institutions-caring/history- of-hospitals/#:~:text=Between%201865%20and %201925%20in,increased%20financial%20pressures%20and %20competition. Young, K. M., & Kroth, P. J. (2018). Health care USA: Understanding its Organization and delivery (9th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. Hurst, T. W. (1960). International Hospital Federation Study Tour in USA. The Hospital , 923-33.

8 Somers, H. M., & Somers, A. R. (1961). Doctors, Patients, and Health insurance: the organization and financing of medical care. (No Title) . RLC. (n.d.). Rancho Los Cerritos Historic Site. https://www.rancholoscerritos.org/medicine-and-health-from-the-mid- 19th-to-early-20th-century/#:~:text=Traditional%20medical %20practices%20during%20most,unfortunate%20enough%20to %20undergo%20treatment. Whitacre, P. (2018, July 25). Caregiving in the 1800s . Paula Tarnapol Whitacre. http://www.paulawhitacre.com/blog/2018/7/24/caring-for- family-then-and-now#:~:text=In%20the%201800s%2C%20the %20home,the%20bedside%20of%20the%20afflicted. Conry, M. C., Humphries, N., Morgan, K., McGowan, Y., Montgomery, A., Vedhara, K., Panagopoulou, E., & Gee, H. M. (2012, August 24). A 10 year (2000–2010) systematic review of interventions to improve quality of care in hospitals - BMC Health Services Research . BioMed Central. https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472- 6963-12-275#Abs1

10 Appendix Comparative Analysis Table: Hospital Care Evolution Instructions: Fill in the chart with bullet points that describe the key milestones (events, regulations, laws, etc.) and the supporting details to explain the topics in each cell. Use your textbook and at least two other resources from the course resources for this assessment or your own research, and document where you found the information using accurate APA citations. Subject/Topic 1800s 1960s 2000s Hospital Environment (Describe the overall hospital environment.) Here the insane and impoverished went to die. Due to medical advancements, hospitals gained popularity later in the 1800s and were used by people from all social classes (Young & Kroth, 2017). Improved surroundings now that hospitals could afford to replace their technology (Zand, 2018). -Frequently unhappy with care and unable to get to know the physicians who are attending to them (Zand, 2018). - Patients, not doctors, are now the ones evaluating the quality of hospitals (Young & Kroth, 2017). Medical Staff Education Level (Describe the care providers and their education levels.) -In order to obtain more experience, physicians volunteered rather than being paid (Zand, 2018). -Limited schooling due to the rise in popularity of diploma mills (Zand, 2018). - No license is necessary (Zand, 2018). Federal funding for professional schools to enable their students to receive a higher quality education (Young & Kroth, 2017). -Long educational programs for physicians and nurses (Zand, 2018). Level of Care (Describe the quality of care for each century and if it improved.) -PTs were mostly kept comfortable until they passed, with little to no treatment plans (Zand, 2018). -They were safer once sterilization was discovered (Zand, 2018). -All types of illnesses can now be treated in hospitals (Zand, 2018). -Recent problems with acquired illnesses in hospitals (Zand, 2018). -Medical error prevention became a top priority (Young & Kroth, 2017). Paying for Care (Describe how care was paid for.) Based on the PT's capacity to pay the bill, the physician and the PT came to an agreement on the cost (Young & Kroth, 2017). -The doctor and PT kept the cost private. -The Medicare and Medicaid Acts were passed in 1965 (Public Hospital History). -The Affordable Care Act (Young & Kroth, 2017).

11 .Insurance entered the picture later (Young & Kroth, 2017)..