Turn In 09 Group 8 (1) (1)

Lab 9: Heart Sounds, Pulse, and Blood Pressure Lab Turn In Hypotheses: Experiment 3b • What do you expect the blood pressure to be like relative to each of the following conditions and why do you think this: • Lying down: When in a lying position, blood pressure tends to decrease due to the reduced effort required to circulate blood throughout the body and back to the heart. • Immediately when you stand up: Blood pressure tends to decrease as blood flows towards the lower parts of the body and less blood is being pumped through the heart. This leads to a reduction in blood pressure. • Standing up for a while: The blood pressure would remain the same as their average blood pressure because there is normal circulation going on as the individual is standing. • Post-exercise: Blood pressure tends to increase due to the heightened blood flow to the body's muscles, organs, and limbs. Experiment 4 • What do you expect the fitness to be when comparing active to sedentary individuals for the Harvard Step Test? Why? In sedentary individuals, the pulse pressure is likely to increase more because their body requires greater effort to adapt to changes in physical activity. On the other hand, individuals who are physically active typically have a lower resting heart rate, and their heart rate may increase during activity, but not to the same extent as that of sedentary individuals. Data Collection: Experiment 1: Heart Sounds • Were you able to hear the aortic semilunar valve closing? Yes. • Were you able to hear the tricuspid valve closing? Yes.

• Were you able to hear the pulmonary semilunar valve closing? Yes. • Were you able to hear the bicuspid valve closing? Yes. • Did you hear any heart murmurs from any of your group members? No heart murmurs. Experiment 2: Pulse Points Pulse (bpm) Individual Superficial Temporal Artery Common Carotid Artery Brachial Artery Radial Artery (Right) Radial Artery (Left) Popliteal Artery (If found) Posterior Tibial Artery Dorsalis Pedis Artery 1 84 84 80 80 80 cant find 88 84 2 80 80 72 84 84 can’t find 76 80 3 104 104 92 88 88 can’t find 78 84

Strong Weak strong Strong Can’t find Weak Weak • Which of the pulse points did you have difficulty finding? Why might it be difficult to find these? Pulse points we found difficult finding would be the brachial artery, popliteal artery, posterior tibial artery, and dorsalis pedis artery. This could be due to having a weak pulse in those areas or there is a prevention in perfusion. • Was there any difference of the pulse between the right or left side? What may cause this difference? The pulse is generated by the beating of the heart, so if both pulses were taken at the same time, we would expect to feel the same number of beats per minute on both sides. Experiment 3a: Blood Pressure Part 1 Blood Pressure and Pulse while Seated Individual Blood Pressure Blood Pressure Condition Systolic Pressure (mm Hg) Diastolic Pressure (mm Hg) Pulse Pressure (mm Hg) MAP (mm Hg) 1 110/75 normal 110 75 35 86.67 2 110/80 normal 110 80 30 90.00 3 120/80 normal 120 80

13.33 93.33 4 120/80 normal 120 80 13.33 93.33 Experiment 3b: Blood Pressure Part 2 Condition Blood Pressure Blood Pressure Condition Systolic Pressure (mm Hg) Diastolic Pressure (mm Hg) Pulse Pressure (mm Hg) MAP (mm Hg) Pulse (bpm) Lying Down 120/70 normal 120 70 50 86.67 92 Immediately After Standing 120/65 normal 120 65 55 83.33 108 Standing for 5 Minutes 110/60 normal 110 60 50 76.67 84 Post-Exercise 130/80 hypertension 130 80 50

Post-Lab Questions Background Heart Sounds • When you were listening to the heart sounds, the aortic semilunar valve closing was which heart sound? The S2 / second heart sound , or the " dub " is heard when the aortic semilunar valve closes . • The first heart sound is caused by which valves? the first sound is caused by the atrioventricular valves. • What is a heart murmur? Heart murmur is the abnormal heart sound caused by abnormal blood flow through the heart. Pulse Points • When you are taking someone’s pulse, what is the action of feeling for their pulse? The action of feeling for someone ’s pulse is called palpate. • What may be the reasoning you cannot feel someone’s pulse? Y ou may not be able to feel someone 's pulse if their blood vessel is injured or occluded ( blocked ) , which can prevent perfusion ( blood flow to the tissue ) • Which finger do you use when taking someone’s pulse? Why? We use the index and middle finger. If we use the thumb we might be feeling the pulse within the thumb. • List the 3 locations of pulse points and their associated estimated systolic blood pressure. Carotid artery: 60mmHg Femoral artery: 70mmHg Radial artery: 80mmHg • Why were some of the pulse points difficult to find? Some of the pulse points are difficult to find possibly due to the blood vessel being occluded (meaning blocked) or injured, which can prevent blood flow to the tissues (perfusion). • If the pulse is not equal on both sides of the body, what may be a reason for this? If there is no pulse equality on both sides of the body, it can be a sign of arterial obstructions or abnormality. The pulse should be the same on both sides of the body. Blood Pressure • What did we use to measure blood pressure? We use a device called a sphyg momanometer and a stethoscope. • Which two conditions do you NOT hear sound when measuring someone’s blood pressure? Why?

You don’t hear sound when measuring someone’s blood pressure due to laminar flow (unobstructed flow of blood) or the last Korotkoff sound. • What is an aneurysm? Aneurysm is the ba llooning of the arteries because the walls of the blood vessel(s) are thinning out, causing possible rupture. • Was your hypothesis supported or rejected? Why? If refuted, what is your new hypothesis? • Lying down: our hypothesis did not support data. It is not uncommon for blood pressure to drop when standing up from a lying down position. This is known as orthostatic hypotension. When you are lying down, the blood is distributed evenly throughout your body. However, when you stand up, gravity pulls the blood downwards towards your legs, causing your blood pressure to drop temporarily. Normally, your body should be able to compensate for this by constricting the blood vessels and increasing your heart rate to maintain your blood pressure. • Immediately when you stand up: Our hypothesis was somehow supported as we predicted blood pressure to decrease, during the expiriment we noticed the patients diastolic pressure dropped while systolic maintained. • Standing up for a while: Our hypothesis was supported because we thought that the blood pressure would remain the same as their normal average. • Post-exercise: Our hypothesis was supported because there is heightened blood flow to the body's muscles, organs, and limbs which results in a higher blood pressure for some time after exercise. • What should happen to the blood pressure immediately after you get up? Why? Your blood pressure should decrease immediately after standing up , due to gravity pulling your blood downwards • What are some reasons behind the increase blood pressure during exercise? (Use your lecture notes if necessary). Some reasons behind the increased blood pressure during exercise are the increase of cardiac output, increase of blood flow to the skeletal muscle, and increase of stroke volume. • Was there anyone in your group that had a blood pressure that was not “normal?” What was their blood pressure and what condition did the person have? No. Use the following for the next few questions: Given someone’s blood pressure to be 150/100: • How would you say this person’s blood pressure? 150 systolic pressure over 100 diastolic pressure • What is their condition? H y pertension.