assignment 1 23

docx

School

Walden University *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

6127

Subject

Medicine

Date

Dec 6, 2023

Type

docx

Pages

Uploaded by grace3mum

Daniel Usman Master of Public Health, Walden University PUBH-6127 Preventive Services September 17, 2023

Preventive Services Regular disease screenings and vaccines, for example, can help prevent illness and death and keep individuals healthy. Prevention and early disease detection are the main goals of preventive health services. most preventive healthcare Insurance provides coverage for screenings. (Healthy individuals 2020, 2021) Role of evidence and ethics Laws, rules, and standards pertaining to public health have a significant impact on the general public's health. When it comes to health policy, evidence analysis is still an emerging field. Integrating high-quality research evidence into the development of health policies is a crucial method for enhancing health systems all around the world. A health policy can be improved by locating new problems, formulating a plan of action, and monitoring the results. In 2015, Onwujekwe et al. By upholding a code of ethics, the public is guaranteed to get what it needs in an equitable manner. Through ethics, accountability is made possible between the public and the government. Healthcare professionals must be able to identify ethical quandaries and make moral judgements and decisions based on their principles while abiding by the law. (2021) Haddad Bladder Cancer Screening In cells of the bladder lining, bladder cancer frequently develops. Usually, bladder cancer influences senior citizens. There isn't a regular screening procedure available for a healthy person nowadays. A prior bladder cancer diagnosis puts people at risk and would benefit from screening

for bladder cancer. chemical exposure, a cancer diagnosis, and a congenital bladder abnormality. Simple to invasive screening procedures are available to find cancer. A urinalysis is the initial test. Urine testing is easy with a UA. Urinalysis is a simple laboratory test that can detect even a pee contains a negligible amount of blood that cannot be seen with the naked eye. Bladder cancer typically arises in cells that line the bladder. Bladder cancer typically older adults are influenced by. Nowadays, a healthy person cannot undergo a routine screening process. People who have already been diagnosed with bladder cancer are at risk and might profit from bladder cancer screening. A congenital bladder defect, chemical exposure, and cancer diagnosis. There are cancer screening treatments available, ranging from minimally invasive to very invasive. The initial examination is a urinalysis. With a UA, testing urine is simple. A basic laboratory test called a urinalysis can identify even Almost no blood, invisible to the naked eye, is found in pee. If the results of the two prior tests are uncertain or there is a suspicion of cancer, a cystoscopy may be prescribed. This exam involves additional intrusion. When a cystoscope is placed into the bladder, it has a light, a lens, or a tiny camera on the end. Urinary tract issues can be found during a cystoscopy. The bladder, urethra, and ureters can all be seen by a medical professional during a cystoscopy. (John Hopkins Medicine, undated) A medication is injected into the bladder during a cystoscopy, where it is absorbed by cancer cells. This aids in locating the unusual, maybe malignant cells. (American Cancer Society, 2021) Although cystoscopy is invasive and can be painful for some people, it could be useful for screening. A cystoscopy may cost between $300 and $3000. Whether a biopsy and/or anesthetic are included affects the range. (Cost Assistant, 2021) I think

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

insurance should cover a cystoscopy if a urologist orders one and deems it necessary. Ordering unnecessary testing is not something urologists typically do. Value in Screening for Bladder Cancer One of the most expensive malignancies in the US to treat is bladder cancer. In addition to saving lives, a program for bladder cancer screening could also reduce costs. Even if blood is seen in the urine, women are disproportionately at risk, and it is commonly disregarded and treated as an infection without further examination. A more accurate screening test might lower mortality, morbidity, and the expense of advanced treatment. in 2013 Fradet Whether or not bladder cancer screening is covered by insurance depends on the type of insurance a person has and how the operation is categorized. (Cost Assistant, 2021) Obesity in Adults, Screening and Counseling In order to determine whether a person's weight is harmful, obesity screening measures it. Having a physical exam in conjunction with a waist measurement, lab testing, and an overweight screening. Body mass index, or BMI, is a calculation that is used to determine obesity. BMI, or body mass index In respect to one another, gauge your height and weight. BMI is a reliable indicator of body fat Notwithstanding the inability to be measured directly, the body. The BMI equation is next applied to the BMI. A healthy weight falls between 18.5-24.9 BMI. Overweight is defined as a BMI of 25 to 29.9, and 30, and older, is obese, aged 40 or older, extreme or morbid obesity. waist-to-hip proportion, or Even if the risk of peripheral obesity is lower, having a big waist circumference Not overweight is the person. Typically, in order to get the most precise results from the labs, one needs to fast or go without food for 12 hours. The most

frequently requested lab tests are those that look for diabetes, thyroid issues, cholesterol, and anything else that might be causing weight gain (2021; MedlinePlus.gov) Counseling for Obesity Patients who receive obesity counseling are encouraged to change their diet and exercise routines. The greatest impact was seen when behavioral therapy and intensive psychotherapy were combined. In behavioral therapy, patients are given specialized tools to assist them in making the necessary adjustments. The loss of weight was discovered to be a result of thorough, rigorous behavioral therapies lasting 2 to 12 months with at least 26 contact hours. Kumanyika and colleagues (2008) Of course, neither a screening nor a typical doctor's office would be appropriate settings for behavioral treatment. Following, and with a referral, treatment would take place. Savings and Value in Obesity Screening The percentage of overweight or obese people in the US nowadays is above 30% for adults and 20% for children. The suggested technique for detecting obesity is BMI assessment. (2021; MedlinePlus.gov) Height and weight measurements are commonplace during check-ups for maintaining good health. The patient is merely informed of what they already know. On the internet, one may even enter their height and weight to determine their BMI. In the United States, the yearly medical expenditures of adult obesity range from $147 billion to about $210 billion. Treatment costs for diabetes and cardiovascular disease, two conditions linked to obesity, account for most costs. By 2030, the BMI might be drastically decreased, lowering health care expenditures if it were only by 5%. n.d. (George Washington University School of Public Health

& Health Services) There will be fewer people taking medication for coexisting conditions if the United States is ever able to control the obesity issue. There may not be as much money in our pockets for the pharmaceutical corporations. Workers would be more productive and there would be less absenteeism at work. Insurance and Obesity Although every health insurance plan is different, it is uncommon for insurance to pay for long- term counseling for obesity. Insurance covers regular check-ups and necessary lab testing. Some patients will be required to pay their lab copays. Beyond counseling for obesity, various weight loss drugs, and/or surgical treatments, there are alternative ways for some to get support. Would be more fruitful to (Kumanyika et al., 2008). Sickle Cell in Newborns Screening All babies in the US are examined for the sickle cell trait and illness. It is a required component of newborn screening in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. However, it wasn't until May 1, 2006 that the screening became necessary after being discussed since 1987. SCD is finished regardless of the birth environment. Blood from the samples is typically drawn and placed on filter paper after being drawn from the heel. When there is a crisis, it is crucial to the potential for false-negative results, sample collection should be done prior to any blood transfusion. (Carter,2008) . Value of SCD in Newborns

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Early detection of sickle cell anemia is essential. People with sickle cell disease might have a variety of symptoms. The type of treatment required will depend on what the infant who is unwell is going through. Acute chest syndrome, which may call for antibiotics, oxygen, or even worse, a blood transfusion, is one of the more serious illnesses that neonates with sickle cell disease might have. A splenic crisis, which may require surgery and blood transfusion, is another significant problem that could arise. While there is no known treatment for sickle cell anemia, it is crucial to manage infections and pain. 2014 March of Dimes Cost effectiveness and improvement of SCD newborn screening The cost-effectiveness of neonatal sickle cell screening was examined in a study that was conducted in 1991. In an effort to stop pneumococcal sepsis, they initially examined babies and administered penicillin if sickle cell disease was discovered. When signs of sickle cell illness appeared in some other infants who had not undergone newborn screening, penicillin was given to them. For the first three years of life, cost-effectiveness was calculated. Infants of non-African American descent with low hemoglobin S gene prevalence and those of African Americans with comparatively high hemoglobin S gene prevalence were the subjects of the analysis. In terms of the illness itself, if a baby isn't screened, the emergence of symptoms can result in the identification of sickle cell disease during the first three years of life. Infants of African American descent can be screened for cancer and subsequently treated for it for only $3100 more than if they are not. Screening non-black groups with a high incidence of hemoglobin S genes would cost $1.4 million per life saved, and screening those with a low prevalence would cost $450. billion. Here is yet another astounding revelation. Consider the effects of inflation since 1991. (Tsevat and others, 1991) These newborns' lives, as well as that of many others, as well as countless millions of dollars, were spared by a straightforward test.

Newborn Screening and Insurance Newborn screening costs are frequently covered by health insurance or are included in pregnancy costs. Each infant's screening may cost between $30 and $150 depending on the state's cost structure. Kansas is one of only three states in my own country that don't charge for newborn screening. (How Much Does Genetic Testing Cost and How Long Does It Take to Receive the Results? MedlinePlus Genetics, 202-07-28) I personally think that insurance should pay for these testing. They are required to inform the parents of the situation and any additional care they may need to take. Conclusion In order to improve health, clinical preventative services are essential. Throughout life, from birth to death, preventative treatments are crucial. It is critical for academics, healthcare professionals, and the general public to stay current on news and advances as more research and screening tests become available. Asking their medical professionals and insurance providers if a certain treatment or test might be beneficial for their symptoms and conditions doesn't hurt. The neonatal screening for SCD took 20 years to become commonplace worldwide, as was previously discussed. Be the loudest voice. If you think it will have an impact on our population, do something you believe in.

Reference Bladder cancer causes, risk factors, and prevention . (n.d.). American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bladder-cancer/causes-risks-prevention.html How much does a cystoscopy cost? - CostHelper . (n.d.). CostHelper. https://health.costhelper.com/cystoscopy.html Fradet, Y. (2013). Screening for bladder cancer: the best opportunity to reduce mortality. Canadian Urological Association Journal . https://doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.1192 What is the cost of genetic testing, and how long does it take to get the results?: MedlinePlus Genetics . (n.d.). https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/testing/costresults/#: %7E:text=For%20%20newborn%20screening%2C%20costs%20vary,to%20receive %20the%20test%20%20results. Neonatal screening for sickle disease: A cost-effectiveness analysis. (n.d.). https://www.jpeds.com/article/S0022-3476(05)83375-X/pdf Obesity screening . (n.d.). https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/obesity-screening/ Kumanyika, S., Obarzanek, E., Stettler, N., Bell, R. A., Field, A. E., Fortmann, S. P., Franklin, B. A., Gillman, M. W., Lewis, C. E., Poston, W. C., Stevens, J., & Hong, Y. (2008).

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Population-Based Prevention of Obesity. Circulation , 118 (4), 428–464. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.108.189702 Cystoscopy for women . Johns Hopkins Medicine. (2021, August 8). https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/cystoscopy-for- women Clinical Preventive Services | Healthy People 2020 . (n.d.). https://wayback.archive- it.org/5774/20220413204236/https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/leading-health- indicators/2020-lhi-topics/Clinical-Preventive-Services STOP Obesity Alliance, Milken Institute School of Public Health. (n.d.). FaST FaCts – Costs of obesity. STOP Obesity Alliance | Milken Institute School of Public Health . https://stop.publichealth.gwu.edu/fast-facts/costs-of-obesity

assignment 1 23

Related Documents