The Correlation Between Depression And Childhood Sexual Abuse

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1 The Correlation Between Depression And Childhood Sexual Abuse Student's Name Institutional Affiliation Course Code and Name Instructor Name Due Date

2 Shen, C., & Shafer, K. (2019). Child sexual abuse and depression in late life for men: A population- based, longitudinal analysis. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B , 74 (5), 842-852. https://academic.oup.com/psychsocgerontology/article-abstract/74/5/842/4237270 Hailes, H. P., Yu, R., Danese, A., & Fazel, S. (2019). Long-term outcomes of childhood sexual abuse: an umbrella review. The Lancet Psychiatry , 6 (10), 830-839. https://www.sciencedirect The Correlation Between Depression And Childhood Sexual Abuse Chaplin, A. B., Jones, P. B., & Khandaker, G. M. (2021). Sexual and physical abuse and depressive symptoms in the U.K. Biobank. BMC Psychiatry , 21 (1), 248. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12888-021-03207-0 Purpose: This study investigates whether experiencing physical and sexual abuse as a child raises one's risk of developing depression later in life. This study aims to quantify the magnitude of the relationship between these two variables and evaluate the influence of any potential confounding variables, such as socioeconomic status, alcohol use, and smoking. Summary: The data required to carry out a cross-sectional inquiry were made available to the authors by the U.K. Biobank, a significant population-based cohort study. They comprised 143,651 people who had completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the PHQ-9 depression screening tool. Logistic regression models considered confounding factors in assessing the connection between childhood sexual and physical abuse and depressive symptoms. The study discovered a strong relationship between childhood physical and sexual abuse and adult depression. Reporting sexual abuse doubled depression risk. Physical abusers

3 had 1.56 times the risk of depression. These relationships remained despite confounding circumstances. Authors: A.B. Chaplin, P.B. Jones, and G.M. Khandaker conducted the study. Cambridge University Department of Psychiatry research assistant A.B. Chaplin. Cambridge Professor of Psychiatry P.B. Jones directs the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre. Cambridge's Department of Psychiatry Senior Clinical Research Associate is G.M. Khandaker. All writers are psychiatry researchers. Relevance: Depression and childhood sexual abuse are linked, making this study important. It emphasizes the connection between physical and sexual abuse in childhood and depression in adults. The study shows that early identification and treatment of childhood abuse victims prevents depressive symptoms later in life. Research Methodology: Data from the large population-based cohort research U.K. Biobank was analyzed in this cross-sectional investigation. The authors used logistic regression models to evaluate the association between childhood abuse and depressive symptoms while controlling for demographic and socioeconomic factors, substance use, and behavioral risk factors. Strengths, Weaknesses, and Biases: The substantial size of the sample is an asset to this study because it boosts the reliability of the results. The results can be more broadly applied because of the cohort study's focus on the general population. Both childhood abuse and depression symptoms were assessed using approved screening instruments. However, the study's cross-sectional design makes concluding

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4 cause and effect difficult. Whether or not depressive symptoms follow directly from childhood trauma or whether additional variables mitigate the association is unknown. The study also used self-reported data, which could have been skewed by recall or social desirability bias. Lastly, it is unclear from the study whether or not genetics or early-life stressors mediated the link between child abuse and depression. Easton, S. D., Kong, J., Gregas, M. C., Shen, C., & Shafer, K. (2019). Child sexual abuse and depression in late life for men: A population-based, longitudinal analysis. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B , 74 (5), 842-852. https://academic.oup.com/psychsocgerontology/article- abstract/74/5/842/4237270 Purpose: This study focuses on how a history of sexual abuse as a child may increase the risk of males developing depression as adults. This study seeks to provide insight into whether CSA is associated with a higher risk of depression in old age and whether or not social support, self- esteem, and physical health are factors that mitigate these correlations. Summary: A population-based, longitudinal analysis was conducted using data from the Health and Retirement Study, a study of older Americans that is nationally representative. Five thousand five hundred seventy-eight males did not disclose CSA before age 18, whereas 1,350 men did. Using multilevel modeling, demographics, childhood adversity, adult health, and social support, CSA was linked to depressive symptoms. CSA men had a higher incidence of late-life depression, the study found. Self-esteem, health, and social isolation weakened this link. According to CSA, excessive abuse, like forced sexual participation, worsens men's sadness. Authors:

5 S.D. Easton, J. Kong, M.C. Gregas, C. Shen, and K. Shafer conducted the study— research assistant professor S.D. Easton works at the Boston University School of Social Work. Boston University assistant professor J. Kong teaches social work. Boston University School of Social Work research associate M.C. Gregas. Boston University School of Public Health biostatistician C. Shen. K. Shafer is a social work associate professor at Boston University. Each author has excellent social work, public health, and psychological research backgrounds. Relevance: In the context of older guys, this study is especially pertinent to the relationship between depression and childhood sexual abuse. The research advances our knowledge of the long-term impacts of CSA on mental health as well as the significance of mediating variables. The results demonstrate the necessity for focused interventions to address the mental health requirements of older adults with CSA. Research Methodology: Data from the Health and Retirement research, a longitudinal research of older Americans that is nationally representative, were examined as part of the study's population-based methodology. The authors used multilevel modeling to assess the relationship between CSA and depressive symptoms while controlling for demographic factors, childhood adversity, adult health, and social support. Strengths, Weaknesses, and Biases: One of the study's advantages is the use of a substantial, nationally representative sample, which enhances the generalizability of the findings. Mediating factors, depressive symptoms, and validated CSA assessments were also used. Longitudinal data enhances temporal relationships. Recall bias may be a downside of the study's self-reported data. Hereditary susceptibility to

6 depression was not taken into account in the study. The study may not apply to other places or persons. Hailes, H. P., Yu, R., Danese, A., & Fazel, S. (2019). Long-term outcomes of childhood sexual abuse: an umbrella review. The Lancet Psychiatry , 6 (10), 830-839. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221503661930286X Purpose: This study aims to thoroughly examine the long-term social, psychological, and physical health impacts of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). The study aims to highlight the damaging effects of CSA over the long term and to compile the relevant data. Summary: CSA long-term outcomes research was meta-analyzed. 47 systematic reviews and meta- analyses assessed CSA long-term results between January 1, 1980, and September 25, 2018. CSA is connected to long-term depression, anxiety, PTSD, cardiovascular illness, unemployment, and low educational achievement. Authors: Helen P. Hailes, Ruibin Yu, Andrea Danese, and Seena Fazel wrote this work. Oxford University Department of Psychiatry Ph.D. student Helen P. Hailes. Oxford University Department of Psychiatry research assistant Ruibin Yu. King's College London's Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Professor Andrea Danese. Oxford University Department of Psychiatry Professor Seena Fazel specializes in forensic psychiatry. Relevance: According to this study, CSA harms mental health outcomes, such as depression. It is, therefore, extremely pertinent to the relationship between depression and childhood sexual

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7 abuse. The study emphasizes how crucial it is to understand the long-term impacts of CSA and the need for suitable prevention or mitigation measures. Research Methodology: The umbrella review integrated long-term CSA outcomes systematic reviews and meta- analysesBetween January 1, 1980, and September 25, 2018, relevant studies were looked for in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Embase. Long-term CSA effects, assessed at least six months after the abuse, were also considered. A narrative synthesis was utilized to summarize the studies. Strengths, Weaknesses, and Biases: Numerous studies on the long-term effects of CSA are synthesized in this study. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses, which may be biased and have constraints, are used in the study. The study is also constrained by the included research quality, which differs in technique and sample size. Finally, because the study only evaluates the results of the included reviews, other outcomes might not be evaluated. Sehlo, M. G., Youssef, U. M., Elgohary, H. M., Salah El-deen, G. M., & Ali, E. A. (2022). The impact of childhood sexual abuse and its associated stigma on depressed women in Egypt. The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Neurosurgery , 58 (1), 1-8. https://ejnpn.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41983-022-00587-2 Egyptian women were surveyed about their experiences with depression, social shame, and sexual abuse as children. The impact of childhood sexual abuse on Egyptian women's stigma and depression was examined by the writers. Cross-sectional sampling was used with a convenience sample of 200 women from three primary healthcare clinics in Egypt. Structured interviews and questionnaires collected data. 47.5% of Egyptian women reported childhood sexual abuse and 69% experienced stigma. Childhood sexual abuse and stigma were linked to

8 depression in women. The study implies that treating childhood sexual abuse and stigma could significantly reduce depression in Egyptian women. Egyptian universities and hospitals are the study's authors. Sehlo and Youssef work in the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University. Salah El-deen and Ali are linked with Tanta University's Department of Psychiatry, whereas Elgohary is affiliated with Alexandria University. All authors published in psychiatry and mental health. This study examines how childhood sexual abuse and stigma affect depression in Egyptian women. The study adds to the literature by investigating this link in a non-Western environment and highlighting the need for therapies that address the distinct cultural and socioeconomic elements that lead to childhood sexual abuse stigma. The study's cross-sectional design and convenience sample may restrict generalizability. Self-reported data may be subject to recall bias and underreporting due to the sensitive issue. Finally, socioeconomic status and other types of abuse were not considered potential confounders of childhood sexual abuse, stigma, and depression. Shrivastava, A. K., Karia, S. B., Sonavane, S. S., & De Sousa, A. A. (2017). Child sexual abuse and the development of psychiatric disorders: a neurobiological trajectory of pathogenesis. Industrial psychiatry journal , 26 (1), 4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5810166/ Purpose: This article aims to explain the neurological processes that connect sexual abuse of children with the emergence of psychiatric diseases. The authors conduct a literature study investigating the pathophysiology of several psychiatric conditions linked to childhood sexual abuse. Summary:

9 Neurological research on child sexual abuse and mental disease is examined. Childhood sexual abuse can alter brain form and function by influencing the immune system, HPA axis, and stress response. Child sexual abuse survivors may develop psychiatric diseases via this brain mechanism. Author Information: The authors are all psychiatrists affiliated with various hospitals and medical colleges in India. Shrivastava is a professor of psychiatry, Karia is an associate professor, Sonavane is an assistant professor, and De Sousa is a consultant psychiatrist. Relevance: Because it examines the pathogenesis of numerous psychiatric disorders connected to childhood sexual abuse, including depression, this article is pertinent to depression and childhood sexual abuse. The authors offer a neurobiological explanation for how sexual abuse throughout childhood can cause modifications to brain structure and function, resulting in depression and other mental problems. Research Methodology: The literature on the neurological processes tying childhood sexual abuse to psychiatric problems is reviewed in this article. The writers thoroughly review the literature and synthesize the results to develop their claims. Strengths and Weaknesses: This article's strength is its comprehensive summary of the neurobiological pathways connecting sexual abuse in childhood to psychiatric illnesses. The authors present a convincing account of these illnesses' pathophysiology, drawing on various studies to support their findings. This article's reliance on previously published works rather than research is one of its few flaws.

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10 The neurobiological elements are also given additional attention in the text. However, it does not delve into the complex web of factors that can influence the correlation between sexual abuse in childhood and depression. Bias: The authors of this article appear to be objective because they use a variety of studies to back up their claims. References

11 Chaplin, A. B., Jones, P. B., & Khandaker, G. M. (2021). Sexual and physical abuse and depressive symptoms in the U.K. Biobank. BMC psychiatry , 21 (1), 248. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12888-021-03207-0 Easton, S. D., Kong, J., Gregas, M. C.,.com/science/article/pii/S221503661930286X Sehlo, M. G., Youssef, U. M., Elgohary, H. M., Salah El-deen, G. M., & Ali, E. A. (2022). The impact of childhood sexual abuse and its associated stigma on depressed women in Egypt. The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery , 58 (1), 1-8. https://ejnpn.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41983-022-00587-2 Shrivastava, A. K., Karia, S. B., Sonavane, S. S., & De Sousa, A. A. (2017). Child sexual abuse and the development of psychiatric disorders: a neurobiological trajectory of pathogenesis. Industrial psychiatry journal , 26 (1), 4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5810166/

The Correlation Between Depression And Childhood Sexual Abuse

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