Friction Lab

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Stony Brook University *

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Jan 9, 2024

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Daniel Kim 9/27/23 PHY 133.L69 TA: Yikai Wu Force of Friction Lab
Introduction: In this lab, we will be measuring the force of friction and how it changes with mass. We will also be solving for the coefficient of kinetic friction between the device and the surface. Friction is a force that opposes the sliding motion of an object and there are 2 different types of friction. Static friction and Kinetic friction. Static friction opposes the motion of an object until it is overcome by another external force. Once the object starts moving, it is then taken over by kinetic friction and the rule is that because a larger force is needed to move an object at the start relative to when you need to keep the object moving, static friction must be greater than or equal to kinetic friction. We will be using the force of kinetic friction to determine if the mass of the object increased by attaching masses on top of the iolab device and use the equation for friction, in order to determine the coefficient of kinetic friction , between the device and the surface. Method/Procedure: Part 1: 1. Attach the Screw into the iolab device 2. Turn the device on while pointing the y-axis downwards 3. Record the device on a flat surface for about a second and then using the screw, lift the device up into the air and hold it steady for a couple of seconds 4. Place it back down after a couple seconds and calculate the avg force and acceleration 5. Use the gravitational force equation Fg = mg to find the mass. Part 2: 1. Replace the screw with the plate on the device
2. Place the device with the wheels facing upwards 3. Push the device in the y direction while recording data 4. Find and record the acceleration of the device after the push/peak 5. Use F = ma to find the force of friction acting on the device Part 3: 1. Attach a mass to the device using tape 2. Find the new mass of the device 3. Give the device a push and find the acceleration 4. Add a second mass on top of the first mass and repeat number 3 5. Use the force of gravity to calculate the normal force 6. Plot the force of friction vs normal force using excel sheet and add a linear trendline 7. Calculate μ for each trial/mass and find the average of the values 8. Find μ using the slope of the force of friction vs normal force plot 9. Compare both values of μ Results:
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Figure 1. Device when held midair Average force due to gravity: -1.960 N
Figure 2. Device at rest before getting picked up Average force due to acceleration: -9.807 m/s^2 Figure 3. Device given a push
Acceleration = -2.973 m/s^2 1. The device still has an acceleration even after I stopped pushing it because the force of me pushing it was greater than the initial friction until it came to a rest. 2. You can use mass and acceleration to find the force acting on the device by using the equation F=MA Figure 4. Device has an extra mass added to it
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Average force of gravity Figure 5 Acceleration of device across y axis for mass 1
Figure 6. Device with mass 1 added being pushed Acceleration = -3.619 m/s^2
Figure 7. Iolab Device with 2 masses added Figure 8. Acceleration of device across y-axis for 2 masses added
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Figure 9. Iolab with 2 masses added getting pushed Calculations:
Iolab device mass: Fg = mg (-1.960N) = m(-9.807m/s^2) m= 0.1999 Iolab device mass + 1 mass: (-4.226N) = m(-9.199m/s^2) m= 0.4594 Iolab device mass + 2 masses: (-5.694N) = m(-9.804m/s^2) m=0.5808 Iolab Force: F=ma Mean acceleration = -2.973 m= 0.1999 (-2.973)(0.1999)= -0.5943N Force for iolab device mass + 1 mass: Mean acceleration = -3.619 m= 0.4594N (-3.619)(0.4594)= -1.6625N Force for iolab device mass + 2 masses Mean acceleration = -3.286 m= 0.5808N (-3.286)(0.5808)= -1.9085N Normal Force: N=mg (0.1999)(9.8)=1.9590N
Normal Force for iolab device mass + 1 mass: (0.4594)(9.8)= 4.5021N Normal Force for iolab device mass + 2 masses: (0.5808)(9.8)= 5.6918N Figure 10. Friction Normal Force -0.5943 1.9590N -1.6625N 4.5021N - 1.9085N 5.6918N μ Values: Ff = uFn Iolab: (-0.5943N)= ux ( 1.9590) μ= -0.303 Iolab with 1 mass added: (-1.6625N)= ux ( 4.5021) μ= -0.369 Iolab with 2 masses added: ( - 1.9085N)= ux ( 5.6918) μ= -0.335 Average μ values:
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( -0.303)+(-0.369)+(-0.335)/(3)= -0.336 Error Analysis: Fg: -1.960N, σ: 0.070N G: -9.81 m/s^2, σ: 0.012 m/s^2 Fg = mg -1.960N = m(-9.8) m= 0.1998 Relative error for Fg (Δx / x) (.070/1.960) = 0.03571 Relative error for G (Δx / x) (.012/9.81) = 0.001223 Multiplication and Division for error Formula = Δ S =√(∆A / A)^2 + ∆B/ B)^ 2 Δ S = √(0.001223)^2 + (.012)^2 Δ S = 0.001367
Figure 11. Gravitati onal force (N) Gravitati onal Accelerat ion (m/s^2) Accelerat ion from push (m/s^2) Mass(kg) Normal Force(N) Force of Friction (N) μ Io lab device -1.960N -9.807 m/s^2 -2.973 m/s^2 0.1999kg 1.960N 0.5943N 0.303 Iolab device + 1 mass -4.226N -9.199 m/s^2 -3.619 m/s^2 0.4594kg 4.226N 1.6625N 0.369 Iolab device + 2 masses -5.694N -9.804 m/s^2 -3.286 m/s^2 0.5808kg 5.694N 1.9085N 0.335 Figure 12. Free body Diagram
Figure 13. Conclusion: The force of friction was a reaction of the force applied to the object. We came across some errors such as the surface of the table, the weight of the masses added, some calculations, etc. The reactions were as of expected and we calculated the masses, acceleration of the object and force. We came to the conclusion that friction increases as more mass is added and although friction is not completely dependent on the mass as it depends on other things such as material, the object and table which push against each other and give us a range of different numbers.
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