Paper Airplane Project Glider Design Testing Project Part 2

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The Science of Flight Paper Airplane Project Glider Design Testing Worksheet Tester Name: Armando Jasso Description of Testing Site Outdoor baseball/football field Distance Design Testing Name of Distance Design Standard Dart airplane How it is made: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3_ZtfdG8Ac Hypothesis for Distance Design What will make the Dart paper airplane a distance design paper airplane? The four main forces that act upon the any paper airplane are Thrust, Drag, Lift, and Gravity. If the thrust is be created from the force I use to throw the airplane and lift is created by the air from below being greater than the air pushing from above in a downward. Then the drag and gravity will counter those two and make the plane descend at the same rate it is thrown. I believe that because the dart airplane is long and compact with a narrow wing span and an overall a higher wing load. The aircraft will be able to fly a far distance by the speed it generates as it uses the thrust and lift it generates from initial launce. Thrust Method for Distance Design (be specific!) Initial thrust is by me and my arm strength as I throw the airplane or “launch” it. The force is the weight of the paper plane and with this design it’s expected to have a stable flight due to the center of gravity. I will take my stance of; left foot forward, right foot back slightly back and out making my stance shoulder width apart while body is facing right and my right arm chambered back (elbow and shoulder aligned/parallel to ground). Initial thrust will come from hip motion and body rotation in a forward motion as right hand provides the thrust at a slightly elevated upward angle (between 30/45 degrees and letting go at full extension of arm. As the paper airplane glides lift is being created as the air below is greater than the air pushing from above in a downward. With a higher wing load the distance will mainly come from the thrust of the airplane making it able to fly further distance but not longer. [NOTE: The three items above were completed in part 1 of the project] Data and Calculations for Distance Design Distance Design Wing Loading (enter values to the nearest tenth in the indicated units of measurement) Total Glider Mass (g) Wing Area (c m 2 ) Wing Loading (g/c m 2 ) 4.5 175.26 .0257 4.5 175.26 .0257 4.5 175.26 .0257 College of Arts & Sciences | worldwide.erau.edu All rights are reserved. The material contained herein is the copyright property of Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, Florida, 32114. No part of this material may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written consent of the University .

Explanation of the method used for calculating wing area Since the dart looks like a big triangle, I did A = (.5 * cr) * S Distance Design Glide Distance Measure the straight line distance from take-off point to landing point (point where the glider strikes the ground). Enter values to the nearest tenth (one decimal place) of a meter. Test Glider Number or Name Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Average Distance (meters) Dart 1 12.8 10 9.1 5.9 4.6 8.48 Dart 2 12.8 9.1 9.6 6.9 10 9.68 Dart 3 13.7 12.3 12.8 11.4 10.5 12.1 Observations Once the trust was provided by my arm motion as the plane was released at full extension of arm and complete hip rotation at a slightly elevated angle (30-45 degrees). The Dart expeditiously gained lift, rise and descended just as fast. It would fly strait with no yaw and every time the plane came down it would make impact with the ground nose first which made performance decrease. Dart 1 had a significant reduction in distance after each throw, did not fix nose of plane after each impact. Dart 2 also showed reduction of distance after each throw but distance was improved after straitening nose after every other throw (throw 2 & 4). Dart 3 had nose straightened out after every throw and still showed a reduced distance after every throw but an overall improvement over the dart 1 and 2. Sources of Variability, Uncertainty and Error The trust produced by my arm (throw force) and the weather conditions were not the same but nearly the same on all throws (can effect performance). Results and Conclusions Include which plane performed best, i.e., the one with the best average distance achieved in the testing, and a summary of the specific design features and external factors that likely influenced the performance of the test planes. Dart 3 performed best and that is due to the “structural integrity” being more stable after the nose was straightened out after each throw. Its average distance was 12.1. The pointed/arrow like frame of the dart and the trust produced by my arm force allowed it to quickly gain acceleration and because it’s narrow and dense. This in turn allowing more thrust to be procured by me without adversely affecting it. The down side to this is that it was not producing a lot of lift so once it got to a certain distance the dart stalled and came crashing nose first to the ground. This caused the performance to decrease even after straitening it back out. Page 2 of 6

Flight Duration Design Testing Name of Flight Duration Design Glider paper airplane How it is made: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DG2H2-d-jQ Hypothesis for Flight Duration Design What will make the Glider paper airplane a Duration design paper airplane? The four main forces that act upon any paper airplane are Thrust, Drag, Lift, and Gravity. If the thrust is created from the force I use to throw the airplane and lift is created by the air from below being greater than the air pushing from above downward. Then the drag and gravity will counter those two and make the plane descend at the same rate it is thrown. In this case I believe that because the Glider’s Wings are larger and its length is shorter with an overall lower wing load. The lift that is crated will allow the paper airplane to glide a longer duration but not necessarily further. Thrust Method for Flight Duration Design (be specific!) Initial thrust is by me and my arm strength as I throw the airplane or “launch” it. The force is the weight of the paper plane and with this design it’s expected to have a stable and longer duration flight due to the center of gravity and larger wing span. I will take my stance of; left foot forward, right foot back slightly back and out making my stance shoulder width apart while body is facing right and my right arm chambered back (elbow and shoulder aligned/parallel to ground). Initial thrust will come from hip motion and body rotation in a forward motion as right hand provides the thrust at a slightly elevated upward angle (between 45-60 degrees) and letting go at full extension of arm. The initial thrust will not be as forceful as the dart due to the structural integrity not being as stable. As the paper airplane glides lift is being created as the air below is greater than the air pushing from above in a downward. With a lower wing load and a wider wing span, the distance will mainly come from the gliding that is maintained by of the airplane making it able to fly for a longer distance and possibly further as well. [NOTE: The three items above were completed in part 1 of the project] Data and Calculations for Flight Duration Design Duration Design Wing Loading (enter values to the nearest tenth in the indicated units of measurement) Total Glider Mass (g) Total Wing Area (c m 2 ) Wing Loading (g/c m 2 ) 4.5 168.75 .027 4.5 168.75 .027 4.5 168.75 .027 Explanation of the method used for calculating wing area Since the Glider’s shape are a combination of triangle and 2 rectangles I used those formulas and multiplied by 2. A= ((cr *.5) *s) of triangle + (S * C) of rectangle + (S *C) of second rectangle. Page 3 of 6

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Duration Design Flight Time Start the timer when the glider is released, and stop the timer when the glider hits the ground. Enter flight times to the nearest whole second. Calculate the average flight times to the nearest tenth of a second. Test Glider Number or Name Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Average Flight Time (seconds) Glider 1 2.45 3.25 3.22 2.55 4.86 3.3 Glider 2 3.67 5.22 2.88 5.57 3.22 4.1 Glider 3 5.67 6.37 4.37 6.43 5.22 5.6 Observations Once the trust was provided by my arm motion as the plane was released at full extension of arm and complete hip rotation at a slightly elevated angle (45-60 degrees). The Glider as expected flew for a longer period of time but not as far as the dart due to the unexpected yawing in the path of flight. The glider would leave my hand and during flight the plane would yaw and go in either right or left direction but would make a crescent/circular motion and gently glide down. Glider 1 was thrown with the same force the Darts were thrown and did not perform ideal. The Glider 1 quickly went nose first into the ground. The force from the throw did not allow the wings to keep its integrity and arched, compromising the structural integrity. The Glider 2 had an alternating force in thrust. Trials 1, 3, and 5 were thrown with the same force as before and performed the same as Glider 1. Trials 2 and 4 were thrown with lighter force allowing to keep the “structural integrity” and the wings did not bend/arc, allowing the Glider to fly for a longer time. Glider 3 was thrown in the same manner trial 2 and 4 from Glider 2. The Glider performed ideal and flew for a longer duration but continued to yaw, not allowing the Glider to fly in a strait pattern. If Glider was able to fly strait it may have flown further than the Dart did but was unsuccessful in doing so. Sources of Variability, Uncertainty and Error Hypothesis was correct. The Glider was able to fly for longer time when thrown with lighter force but angle was increased. Unsure why I was unable to make Glider have a strait flight path factors that could have played a role are; slight wind, possible one wing slightly longer than the other and I was unable to recognize or correct making the Glider yaw. Results and Conclusions Include which plane performed best, i.e., the one with the best average flight time achieved in the testing, and a summary of the specific design features and external factors that likely influenced the performance of the test planes. Glider 3 performed best and that is because “structural integrity” was maintained ensuring the wings kept its original form and did not bend or arc. The average time of flight duration was 5.6 seconds. The wider and more flimsy like wings, allowed more lift to be produced due to a larger wing span when excessive force was not used. Instead of making a quick decent (nose dive) like the Dart, the Glider slowly descended by Gliding and landing what looked like more gracefully. The only issue I had was that I was unable to have the Glider maintain a strait flight path. Page 4 of 6

Graphs and Images Test Glider vs. Average Distance Graph for Distance Design (insert graph HERE) Dart 1 Dart 2 Dart 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 12.8 12.8 13.7 4.6 6.9 10.5 0 8.48 9.69 12.1 0 Dart Distance in Meters Longest shortest Average Test Glider vs. Average Flight Time Graph for Duration Design (insert graph HERE) Glider 1 Glider 2 Glider 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4.86 5.57 6.43 0 2.45 2.88 4.37 0 Glider Duration in Seconds Longest Shortest Average Page 5 of 6

Insert Photos or Videos of Design Build and Testing HERE Page 6 of 6

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