PSA6

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Indiana University, Purdue University, Indianapolis *

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Mechanical Engineering

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Jan 9, 2024

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Pre-Session Assignment (PSA) #6 Name ______________________________________________ Complete the vocabulary-matching sections and at least the first three objectives for each chapter. Doing so will prepare you for recitations and for the quizzes. You are highly encouraged to complete the rest of the objectives to keep you on track and so you can ask for clarification during recitation. All answers can be found in the textbook, even if a section has not yet been covered in lecture. Please complete and turn in one hour before the designated weekly recitation time via canvas. Chapter 41 Objectives: Neuronal Signaling 1. Describe the structure of a typical neuron (multipolar) and give the function of each of its regions/parts (drawing helpful! ) The multipolar neuron is a highly specialized cell whose main purpose is to transmit and process information within the nervous system. The main parts include the soma,(this is the cell body that contains the nucleus as well as most of the other important organelles) dendrites, (these are branching extensions that receive incoming chemical and electrical signaling) axon, (long tube projections that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body and transmits them to other neurons) myelin sheath (fatty 1 _A__ stage in the repolarization time of an action potential when an additional repolarization event is not possible _B__ a branch of an axon __F_ an event that results in the depolarization and formation of an action potential __H_ an event that results in the hyperpolarization of a neuron and the prevention of an action potential __E_ motor neuron __B_ sensory neuron __D_ occurs in unmyelinated axons and is continuous along the length of the axon __G_ support cells of the CNS (not conducting cells) __J_ cell that myelinates neurons in PNS __L_ the neuron leaving a synapse __N_ stage in the repolarization time of an action potential when an additional depolarization event is possible but the threshold level will be higher than during a resting transmembrane potential __I_ combining incoming and outgoing information __K_ cell that myelinates neurons in the CNS __R_ channels that open and close based upon the charge difference across the membrane __O_ movement of an action potential along a myelinated axon where the action potential only occurs at the nodes __Q_ electrical charge difference across a membrane __M_ the neuron leading up to a synapse (the one coming into the synapse) ___P electrical value at which the voltage-gated sodium channels will be stimulated to open resulting in depolarization A. Absolute Refractory Period B. Afferent Neuron C. Collateral D. Continuous Conductance E. Efferent Neuron F. Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential G. Glial Cells H. Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential I. Integration J. Neurolemmocyte K. Oligodendrocyte L. Postsynaptic Neuron M. Presynaptic Neuron N. Relative Refractory Period O. Saltatory Conductance P. Threshold Q. Transmembrane Potential R. Voltage-activated Channels

and insulated layer that surrounds the axon and increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction), and synapse. 2. Describe the generation of an action potential and draw and label the events that occur during an action potential, compare and contrast the role of sodium and potassium voltage-gated channels in the generation of an axon potential, and explain what happens if either is blocked or stimulated The action potential is a quick and transient change in the electrical potential or voltage across the neurons cell membrane. The resting membrane potential sits at around negative 70 millivolts in most neurons, depolarization comes along and pushes to a critical threshold level of roughly -55 millivolts. From there the gated sodium channels in the neuron’s membrane open in response to the depolarization, at the same time the potassium channels open. Hyperpolarization can sometimes occur over potassium and sodium ions overshoot the resting membrane potential. Sodium voltage gated channels play a key role in initialing the action potential by letting in a rapid influx of sodium ions, if it is blocked action potential cant be generated. Too much stimulation can sometimes lead to excessive firing. The potassium voltage gated channel serves to repolarize the membrane after the action potential, a blockage can lead to a prolonged action potential and similarly this can cause over firing. Too much stimulation can lead to an early repolarization and makes it difficult to generate future action potentials. 3. Compare and contrast an absolute refractory period with a relative refractory period The absolute refractory period is a period where the neuron is completely unresponsive to any new stimulus due to the inactivation of the sodium channels. The relative refractory period however, does allow for another action potential but only in response to a much stronger stimulus than before. They are both important in maintain the timing and frequency of action potentials. 4. Describe the processes involved in neural signaling: reception, transmission, integration, and action by effectors 5. Compare and contrast neurons according to their structure [unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar] and their functional roles 2

6. Name the main types of glial cells and describe the functions of each. 7. Explain how the neuron develops and maintains a resting potential (transmembrane potential) and understand what happens if any the parameters (permeability or ion concentration) are changed 8. Compare and contrast three types of ion channels in neuron membranes 9. Describe the involvement of positive and negative feedback in nerve conductance 10. Describe the all-or-none response and what determines the intensity of a sensation 11. Compare and contrast continuous and saltatory conduction along axons and describe why action potentials are self propagating 12. Give examples of what might affect the velocity of an action potential 13. Compare and contrast the events that occur at electrical and chemical synapses including disposal of neurotransmitters 3

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14. Compare and contrast inhibitory (IPSP) and excitatory (EPSP) post synaptic potentials as well as integration, temporal and spatial summation of IPSPs and EPSPs. Give specific examples. 15. Describe neural circuits and convergence and divergence of neural circuits Chapter 42 Objectives: Neural Regulation 4 __B_ a centralized control/integration point of the nervous system __E_ crossing over of spinal nerve tracts that occurs in the medulla __G_ nervous tissue that contains only unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, and support cells __A_ responds to changes in the internal environment, controls visceral functions including smooth and heart muscle contraction __D_ when sensory and motor neurons enter and exit on opposite sides of the spinal cord, integration happens in the cord during the crossover to the other side __C_ the brain and spinal cord, located inside a bony enclosure (cranium and vertebrae) __L_ part of CNS located outside of a bony enclosure __F_ a group of nerve cell bodies, in the vertebrate CNS they are located peripherally __J_ when sensory, integration and motor neurons connect on one side of the spinal cord __K_ an axon that has a myelin sheath around it __H_ the convoluted brain tissue of the cerebrum __M_ responds to changes in the external environment, regulates activities under conscious control, coordinates body activities __I_ one half (left or right) of the cerebrum __P_ axons lacking a myelin sheath __Q_ nervous tissue that contains only myelinated axons __N_ furrows (dips between the gyri) that run throughout the cerebrum __O_ a group of nerves carrying similar information such as the olfactory tract or optic tract A. Autonomic Division of PNS B. Brain C. Central Nervous System (CNS) D. Contralateral E. Decussation F. Ganglion G. Gray Matter H. Gyrus I. Hemisphere J. Ipsilateral K. Myelinated L. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) M. Somatic Division of PNS N. Sulcus O. Tract P. Unmyelinated Q. White Matter

1. Name the anatomical regions of the adult human brain and describe the functions associated with each (drawing helpful! ) Frontal Lobe- This is mainly responsible for higher level cognitive functioning, and it includes things such as reasoning, planning, problem-solving, and delayed reward behaviors. Parietal Lobe- This is responsible for processing and understanding sensory information such as temperature, pain, and special cues. Temporal Lobe- This plays a role in memory formation and necessary for auditory processing. Occipital Lobe- This is the part of the brain that is responsible for visual processing Cerebellum- This is necessary for the coordination, balance, and fine motor skills Brainstem- This is one of the most crucial parts of the brain and it used in some of the most basic but needed function such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure regulation, and digestion Limbic system- group of structures in the bible that controls emotions, memory, and motivation Thalamus- This directs the electrical signaling for sensory information that enters into the brain Hypothalamus- Maintains and regulates general homeostasis and things such as hunger, thirst, sleep, and the release of hormones. 2. Compare and contrast the general structure of the vertebrate nervous system (CNS and PNS) including all the divisions of the PNS (web helpful! ) The CNS is located centrally within the body, and consists of the brain and the spinal cord, and PNS is found outside of the CNS and extends throughout the entire body. The CNS is responsible for processing and understanding sensory information and the PNS is responsible for communicating between the CNS and the rest of the body. 3. Describe a simple reflex and the general components of a reflex arc (Drawing helpful!) A reflex is a rapid and involuntary response to a stimulus, for example the knee jerk at the doctor’s office to taking a hammer strike to the patellar tendon It comes from the components of a receptor(detects the stimulus), afferent neuron(carries the information from neuron to CNS), Spinal cord(the integration center processes the information and determines the correct response), Efferent neuron (carries the motor commands from the integration center to the effector organ), Effector(muscle or gland that carries out the appropriately determined response), feedback loop (sensory neurons continuing to monitor for stimuli). 4. Describe the primary functions of a nervous system 5

5. Compare and contrast the structure, function and response of nerve nets and bilateral nervous systems in invertebrates including animal examples 6. Describe the withdrawal, muscle spindle reflex, and withdrawal combined with cross extensor reflexes. Also istinguish between an ispsilateral and a contralateral reflexes 7. Recognize that the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain arose from the neural tube and name the adult brain structures that arose from each 8. Describe the structure and functions of the human cerebrum including the surface anatomy (sulci, gyri, fissure, central sulcus, pre- and postcentral gyrus), the cerebral lobes, and the associated homunculus 9. Describe the general structure of the spinal cord including the definition of tracts and columns 10. Name and describe the protective barriers of the CNS 11. Define the term drug and where drugs work 12. Define the terms receptor site, receptor affinity, agonist, antagonist, length of effect, ability, effect, and action as they relate drugs 6

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13. Diagram and describe cocaine’s mechanism of action 14. Describe the difference between an intracellular and an extracellular drug 15. Distinguish physical dependence, drug addiction and tolerance 16. Name the major sources of drugs 17. Give examples of drugs obtained from plants and the drug’s function 18. Describe the action of cocaine, strychnine, tetanus, lead, black widow spider venom, curare, and myasthenia gravis 7