PSA 1

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Pre-Session Assignment (PSA) #1 Name ______________________________________________ Complete the vocabulary-matching sections and at least the first three objectives for each chapter. Doing so will prepare you for recitations and for the quizzes. You are highly encouraged to complete the rest of the objectives to keep you on track and so you can ask for clarification during recitation. All answers can be found in the textbook, even if a section has not yet been covered in lecture. Please complete and turn in one hour before the designated weekly recitation time via canvas. Chapter 52 Objectives: Animal Behavior 1. Define, compare and contrast, and give examples of innate behavior, learned behavior, motor programs, kinetic behavior, taxis, and reflexes Innate behavior (actions and knowledge that seem genetic not needing to be learned), Learned behavior ( knowledge that is taught or discovered after birth no preconceived notions) Motor programs (muscular movements that come from the nervous system to perform basic or complex actions) Behavior (specific actions or mannerisms that an organism exhibits over time) Taxis ( the way in which an organism reacts to a certain stimulus) Reflexes ( involuntary action that an organism exhibits after a certain stimulus) 2. Compare and contrast how habituation, imprinting, classical and operant conditioning, trial and error, predator-prey interactions, and cognition (problem solving) affect behavior Behavior is best defined and studied through a combination of different factors both genetic and environmental that play large rolls in how an organism functions in daily life. Things such as imprinting (behavior that is developed during infanthood in which an organism copies the first behavior that it witnesses) impact organisms from essentially birth and are crucial to survival. Other factors such as conditioning as well as trial and error affect the animal more so based on how it interacts with its environment. Classical conditioning refers to when an animal has a response invoked due to a neutral stimulus that has become associated with a known stimulus, this is contrasted by operant conditioning where animals will become inclined to repeat behaviors based off consequences. Trial and error is present in almost all animals with cognition(an animals ability to solve problems using prior knowledge to provide some frame of reference), where behaviors are repeated or ceased after the desired output is achieved or not.

3. Define, compare and contrast circadian, lunar, cirannual, diurnal, nocturnal and crepsular behavior and describe biological clocks Biological clocks are needed by organisms in order to regulate certain conditions, behaviors, and feeding patterns based on the time of day. Many of these clocks are organized around circadian rhythms which are 24 hour daily cycles. Some of the most common consist of diurnal (most active during the day), nocturnal (most active during the night hours), and crepuscular (most active during dawn/dusk) Biological clocks are maintained by genetics, found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes 4. Describe experiments demonstrating how genetics and learning combine to impact behavior 5. Give examples of cognition and tool use in animals 6. Define, compare and contrast migration and navigation 7. Define, describe and give examples of foraging behavior, communication, dominance hierarchies, range, and territoriality

8. Describe courtship rituals and different animal mating systems including, polygyny, polyandry, monogamy, and promiscuous Chapter 53 Objectives: Introduction to Ecology: Population Ecology 1. Compare and contrast features of populations including population density, population dispersion, the relationship between birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration, intrinsic growth (r max ), environmental limits (carrying capacity K), and logistic population growth The population density refers to the overall number of individuals from a species per unit of area at any given time, this metric can be taken further by studying dispersion which more specifically looks at the spacing of a species relative to each other in a certain area. The population of a species has everything to do with environmental factors and effects on the species such as emigration (species exiting a population) versus immigration (species entering a population). Intrinsic growth refers to several factors such as when reproduction starts, the number of cycles, overall lifespan and the number of offspring to determine if a species has a smaller or greater intrinsic rate of increase. R (max typically refers to the maximum amount of intrinsic growth a species can experience given predetermined factors. The population of a certain species in an area can only be so large naturally and that is normally denoted by K or carrying capacity. This refers the maximum amount of a species that an environment can handle over the long term. It is also important to note that logistical growth often provides a more accurate and real-world scope of a population based on environmental factors and not just ideal population models. (continually breeding populations) 2. Compare and contrast r-selected and K-selected populations and the three main types of survivorship curves

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Different survivorship curves and populations are based on the type of strategy a particular organism uses in order to increase its species chance of survival, for example k selected populations have fewer offspring however they invest more into their care and survival, this is contrasted by r selected populations whose goal is to have as many offspring as possible in order to avoid extinction. 3. Compare and contrast density-dependent and density-independent factors, competition and predation Density independent vs dependent factors are determined based off weather conditions are made worse or better depending on the population in an area. For example, as the population increases food resources may become more scare therefore that is a density dependent problem, while a hurricane coming through a habitat has no different affects merely based on the population. Competition can best be define as organisms competing for resources or territory in a given area, while predation has to do with the presence of natural predators in an organisms habitat. 4 . Describe the significance of human fertility rates and draw and describe a diagram for a population that is growing in number, static (replacement), and declining in number 5 . Name and describe the levels of biological organization

Chapter 54 Objectives: Community Ecology 1. Compare and contrast ecological niche, fundamental niche, and realized niche and define competitive exclusion An ecological niche is best described as the role an organism plays within its environment; a fundamental niche however is the habitat an animal can survive assuming it faces no predation. The realized niche may be the most significant of the three as it considers the environment and resources that are used by the organism in application. Competitive inclusion is a result of interspecific competition that includes one species excluding another from their habitat. 2. Compare and contrast interactions between species and the effect of resource partitioning, character displacement, predation and coevolution, predator-prey strategies for feeding and defense (chemical, coloration, ambush, camouflage) and mimicry (Batesian, Mullerian, behavioral) Resource partitioning refers to the division of resources for the use of different species that are sharing a particular resource or habitat, character displacement refers to when species vary more in traits over time in order to reduce competition within the same species. Coevolution is best defined as a group of organisms that over time have their evolution and development influenced by other organisms. Predator- prey strategies refer to the ways in which predators go about hunting and capturing their prey for food. They may do this in several ways such as hiding with camouflage, mimic other less threatening animals, or through chemical means. Mimicry is used by predators or other organisms in order to fool other animals. Batesian- when a harmless species takes on the appearance of a more threatening or dangerous animal Mullerian- When multiple species evolve in such a way that other animals learn to stay away from both of them Behavioral- When a species takes on the behavior of another organism in order to gain a competitive advantage. 3. Compare and contrast symbiotic relationships (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism)

Symbiotic relationships in animals consist of the relationships that certain organisms have with each other for the benefit (sometimes at anthers loss) of one or more organisms. Mutualism- in these relationships all parties involved receive some sort of benefit. Commensalism- in this relationship one organism benefits with the other experiences little effect Parasitism- in these relationships one organism benefits at the loss of another organism 4. Compare and contrast primary succession, secondary succession, pioneer community and climax community 5. Compare and contrast dominant, keystone, naïve, exotic and indicator species

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Chapter 55 Objectives: Ecosystems and the Biosphere 1. Describe food chains and food webs and energy flow through them as well as naming and describing the types of consumers Food chains and food webs serve to provide graphic representation of feeding habits and how energy flows through an environment. Some of the main organisms tend to be sorted into groups such as primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers. 2. Compare and contrast ecological pyramids (numbers, biomass, energy) and how they are different in different biomes Ecological pyramids are used to represent the differing trophic levels and biomass that are present in each level of consumers. Different biomes may have varying levels of pyramids due to climate and other conditons. 3. Compare and contrast persistence, bioaccumulation and biological magnification as they apply to toxins in the environment Oftentimes, toxins can cause a broad array of issues for organisms in each environment, persistence refers to commercial chemical toxins that cannot broken down and remain in the environment for long periods of time, the buildup and storage of these chemicals overtime within an organism is referred to as bioaccumulation. As different and higher levels of consumers continue to absorb the nutrients from eating other organisms they also tend to take on more and more chemical matter, this buildup is known as biological magnification.

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