GE 122 Lab 3 - Work and Energy Instructions

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University of Saskatchewan *

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122

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Mechanical Engineering

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Jan 9, 2024

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RE-ENGINEERED First Year 1 GE 122: Engineering Mechanics Lab 3 Work and Energy Block #: Click or tap here to enter text. NSIDs of all group members who worked on this report: Click or tap here to enter text. Date of Lab: Click or tap to enter a date. We all followed the University of Saskatchewan Academic Integrity Policy and we affirm that none of us have given or received any unauthorized help on this report. I. Introduction Purposes of the Laboratory Experiment In this experiment, you will practice technical communication skills and transferable skills through the experimental lab procedure. You will get to explore the concepts of Work and Energy. LOs Assessed: CLO 4 (Type B+) and 5 (Type A and B+) Logistics In-Lab Submission: Each group must submit a Hypothesis to Crowdmark within 30 minutes of the lab start time (by 9 AM if your lab starts at 8:30 AM, and by 1 PM if you start at 12:30 PM). The hypothesis template can be found on the Module 2 Lab Canvas page titled “GE 122 Lab 2 – Work and Energy - Student Hypothesis Template”. Crowdmark Submission : Each group must submit the full report to Crowdmark by 10:00 PM of your lab date. The overall lab report template can be found on the Module 2 Lab Canvas page titled “GE 122 Lab 2 – Work and Energy - Student Lab Report Template”. This document is very similar to this instruction booklet but has instruction portions removed.
RE-ENGINEERED First Year 2 II. Hypothesis Hypotheses Review section 2.2 in III. Lab Procedure. Record your hypothesis for the equation relating fall distance and maximum velocity of the cart. Use the principle of work and kinetic energy to develop your equation. Given the described setup, please derive an equation describing the relationship between the fall distance ( Δ𝑠 𝑦 ) of a 100-g mass and the velocity of the 750-g cart. If the cart is to reach a velocity of 0.5 m/s, how far would the 100-g mass of have to fall? Show the steps in your derivation Justification: III. Lab Procedure 1. Warm Up Activity 1.1. Introduction This activity serves as a “warm up” for the experiment. You will become familiarized with the equipment and the concepts used during this experiment. You will be required to record data in PASCO, analyze data in PASCO, record data in a table, and answer questions in your conclusion for this activity. The work done on an object by a constant force can be described Equation 1 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 (1) When the force is variable, the work can be found by taking the area under the force vs. position curve 𝑊 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑠. 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 In this experiment, you will determine the work done using Equation 1 and by calculating the area under the curve using PASCO Capstone. 1.2. Hypothesis No hypothesis is required for this portion of the lab.
RE-ENGINEERED First Year 3 1.3. Set Up Equipment Required for Activity 1. Warm Up Activity: Force vs. Acceleration Equipment Name Number Needed Smart Cart (blue) including hook attachment 1 Dynamics Track Feet 1 pair Dynamics Track End Stops 1 pair 250 g Cart Mass 1 pair 1.2 m Starter Dynamics Track 1 Super Pulley with Clamp 1 200 g Hanging Mass Set 1 Thread 1 spool Laptop 1 per team member 1. As shown in figure 1 below, set up the track with feet underneath at both ends. Attach an end stop at each end. Also attach the super pulley to one end of the track using the attached clamp. 2. Adjust the feet to make the track level. To test the level: give the cart a little push in one direction to see if it coasts to a stop or accelerates. Then, push it in the opposite direction to see if the cart coasts to a stop equally in both directions. Note: Using a leveler app on your phone first will speed up this process. 3. Attach the hook attachment to the front of the Smart Cart, as shown in figure 1. Place magnetic attachment back into the accessory bag. 4. Turn on the Smart Cart, and wirelessly connect it via Bluetooth in Capstone software. In the lower toolbar, select Smart Cart Position Sensor and change the sample rate to 50 Hz. Then do the same thing for the Smart Cart Force Sensor. 5. Create a graph of Force vs. Position. 6. To zero the Smart Cart’s force sensor do the following procedure. a. Make sure the cart is at rest with nothing touching the hook (which is attached to the force sensor). b. In the lower toolbar in Capstone, select the Smart Cart Force Sensor and zero the force sensor. c. Start recording. The force graph should read nearly zero. If it is not nearly zero, then stop recording, re-zero and restart recording. Figure 1: Experimental Setup for Warm Up Activity: Force, Displacement, and Work
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RE-ENGINEERED First Year 4 1.4. Procedure 1. Create a graph of Force Vs. Position in PASCO Capstone. 2. Attach one side of a 1.5 m long piece of string to the Smart Cart’s hook. 3. Thread the string through the hole in one of the end stops and over the grooves of the super pulley. 4. Attach the other side of the string to a 50 g mass. 5. Pull the Smart Cart back along the track until the weight is just barely touching the ground. This is zero height and if you were to release the Smart Cart, it should not move. 6. Pull the Smart Cart a further 10 cm back from your zero-height location. 7. Start collecting data, then release your Smart Cart (make sure to catch it before it crashes into the end stop). 8. Stop the data collection and use the area under the Force-position curve function in PASCO to determine the work done. Record this value in Table 1. 9. Repeat steps 4 through 8 for masses of 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 g. Table 1: Data Record for Weights and Work Done Mass of falling object ( 𝒈 ) ± 𝒈 Smart Cart Initial Distance ( 𝒎 ) ± 𝒎 Work done in PASCO ( 𝑵𝒎 ) 1.5. Analysis 1. Using the mass and the distance traveled (hint: how far did the mass fall?), calculate the work done by the falling mass. Show this calculation for one sample and make sure you include the uncertainties in your calculation to determine the final uncertainty of the work. 2. Compare these values to the work determined in the PASCO software using the error formula. Show one sample calculation. 1.6. Conclusion Discuss: What did you set out to do? How did you do it? What were your results? What do they mean? Were the work values found in PASCO within the uncertainty level of your calculated work values? Why or why not? Discuss 2 potential sources of error (for overall experiment, not required for each activity).
RE-ENGINEERED First Year 5 2. Work and Energy 2.1. Introduction Objective: Experimentally determine the relationship between the work done by a falling mass and the kinetic energy of a system. We know from Equation 1 that the work done on our cart can be determined from the force and distance of the falling mass. We can relate this to the carts velocity by understanding the kinetic energy equation of the cart (Equation 2) 𝑇 = 1 2 𝑚𝑣 2 (2) In this experiment, you will develop a relationship between the distance of the falling mass and the maximum velocity of the cart. 2.2. Hypothesis Given the described setup, please derive an equation describing the relationship between the fall distance ( 𝛥𝑠 𝑦 ) of a 100-g mass and the velocity of the 750-g cart? If the cart is to reach a velocity of 0.5 m/s, how far would the 100-g mass of have to fall? Show the steps in your derivation 2.3. Set Up The set up for this experiment will be identical to the warm up activity. You will only need the 100-g mass. 2.4. Procedure 1. Create a graph of velocity vs position in PASCO. 2. Attach one side of a 1.5 m long piece of string to the Smart Cart’s hook. 3. Thread the string through the hole in one of the end stops and over the grooves of the super pulley. 4. Attach the other side of the string to a 100-g mass. 5. Pull the Smart Cart back along the track until the weight is just barely touching the ground. This is zero height and if you were to release the Smart Cart, it should not move. 6. Pull the Smart Cart a further 2.5 cm back from your zero-height location. 7. Start collecting data, then release your Smart Cart (make sure to catch it before it crashes into the end stop). 8. Note the maximum velocity during your testing and record this value in Table 2. 9. Repeat steps 6 through 8 three times for this distance and then do triplicate runs using distances of 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 15, and 17.5 cm. 10. Perform at least one run at the height that you hypothesized to reach 0.5 m/s.
RE-ENGINEERED First Year 6 Table 3: Data Record for Falling Heights and Cart Velocities Height of Falling Mass ( 𝒎 ) ± 𝒎 Smart Cart Maximum Velocity ( 𝒎 / 𝒔 ) 2.5. Analysis 1. Make a plot of Maximum Velocity of Cart vs. Height of Mass. 2. Add a trendline and choose the trendline type that best aligns with your hypothesis. 3. Put the trendline equation on the chart. 4. Using your equation, determine the exact height required to have a maximum velocity of 0.5 𝑚/𝑠 . 5. Compare the velocity you measured using your hypothesized height to the theoretical velocity ( 0.5 𝑚/𝑠 ) using an error calculation. 2.6. Conclusion Discuss: What did set out to do? How did you do it? What were your results? What do they mean? Did the equation that you determined experimentally agree with the equation in your hypothesis? Did your experimentally measured height required to reach 0.5 𝑚/𝑠 match that of the calculated value? If not, why? Discuss 2 potential sources of error (for overall experiment, not required for each activity). IV. Lab Results Activity 1: Recorded Data Submit Table 1 collected in the warm up activity. Table 1: Data Record for Weights and Work Done Mass of falling object ( 𝒈 ) ± 𝒈 Smart Cart Initial Distance ( 𝒎 ) ± 𝒎 Work Done in PASCO* ( 𝑵 𝒎 )
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RE-ENGINEERED First Year 7 Analyze Data Show a sample calculation for finding the work done from your data and include an error calculation comparing this value to PASCO. Activity 1: Table 2: Data Record Work Done, Calculated Work Done, and Error Work Done in PASCO* ( 𝑵 𝒎 ) Calculated Work Done ( 𝑵 𝒎 ) ± 𝑵 𝒎 Error % *Note these two columns in Table 1 and 2 are the same. Activity 2: Activity 2: Submit Table 2 collected in the second activity. Table 3: Data Record for Falling Heights and Cart Velocities Falling Height of the Mass ( 𝒎 ) ± 𝒎 Smart Cart Maximum Velocity ( 𝒎 / 𝒔 )
RE-ENGINEERED First Year 8 V. Analysis Graphs Click the icon below to insert the graph from Activity 2. Make sure you have axis labels, a title, and a trendline. Activity 2: What is the equation that you found on your Excel graph trendline? According to this equation, what height would give a cart velocity of 0.5 m/s? What was your velocity when you released your cart from your hypothesized height? Show the error calculation to compare this measured velocity to the theoretical one (0.5 m/s). VI. Conclusions Enter the conclusions you draw from this lab below. Make sure to answer the questions in sections 1.6 and 2.6. VII. Sources of Error Discuss 2 potential sources of error for this experiment.