Unit 5 Assignment - Gastrointestinal and Endocrine System Shalonda Davis

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Herzing University *

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160

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Mechanical Engineering

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Jan 9, 2024

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MO 160: Pathophysiology and Pharmacology Gastrointestinal Disorder Endocrine Disorder What is the disorder? Pancreatitis Menopause What are the symptoms? Symptoms of pancreatitis includes: Severe belly pain that may spread to your back or chest (it may feel worse after you eat) Nausea Vomiting Rapid heart rate Fever Swelling and feeling sore or tender in your upper belly Fluid buildup in your belly Lowered blood pressure Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice) (John Hopkins Medicine, 2023). Symptoms of Menopause includes: Irregular periods Vaginal dryness Hot flashes Chills Night sweats Sleep problems Mood changes Weight gain and slowed metabolism. Thinning hair and dry skin Loss of breast fullness (Mayo Clinic, 2023). What causes it? The most common causes of pancreatitis are: Alcohol abuse Lumps of solid material (gallstones) were found in the gallbladder. Gallstones block the pancreatic duct so the enzymes can’t get out of the pancreas. Belly injury or surgery High levels of fat particles (triglycerides) in the blood Very high levels of calcium in the blood Certain medicines, such as estrogens, steroids, and thiazide diuretics Infections, such as mumps, hepatitis A or B, or salmonella Causes of Menopause are as follows: Naturally declining reproductive hormones. Surgery that removes the ovaries (oophorectomy). Chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Primary ovarian insufficiency. 1
MO 160: Pathophysiology and Pharmacology Cystic fibrosis A tumor Certain genetic defects Congenital abnormalities in the pancreas Trauma to the pancreas Cigarette smoking What are the risk factors? Heavy alcohol use, cigarette smoking, obesity, diabetes, and family history of pancreatitis are all considered risk factors (Mayo Clinic, 2023). History of it in other women of the family, surgery to remove the ovaries, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, taking medicines that lower estrogen levels, smoking, and problems with the immune system. How is it diagnosed? Pancreatitis can be diagnosed via blood test or imaging testing such as: Belly X-ray. Ultrasound (also called sonography). EUS (endoscopic ultrasound). ERCP or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography CT scan (computed tomography scan). MRCP (magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography ). Menopause can be diagnosed through blood test or urine test by measuring hormone levels. Site your source/s. Pancreatitis . Pancreatitis | Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). Retrieved April 3, 2023, from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org /health/conditions-and- diseases/pancreatitis Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2021, September 24). Pancreatitis . Mayo Clinic. Retrieved April 3, 2023, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseas es- 2
MO 160: Pathophysiology and Pharmacology Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2021, September 24). Pancreatitis . Mayo Clinic. Retrieved April 3, 2023, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseas es- conditions/pancreatitis/symptoms- causes/syc-20360227 conditions/pancreatitis/symptoms- causes/syc-20360227 Pick one of the drugs used to treat it and look it up in the PDR to answer the following. Drug Route Drug Brand/Generic Name Drug Classification Drug Indications Dosage Information Drug Route – Oral Drug Brand/ Generic Name – Gabapentin, Active-PAC with Gabapentin, Gralise, Horizant, Neurontin Drug Classification - Anticonvulsants, Gabapentinoids Neuropathic Pain and Peripheral Neuropathy Agents Drug Indications - Postherpetic neuralgia Adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial seizures with or without secondary generalization in patients over the age of 12 years old with epilepsy, and the pediatric population, 3- to 12-year- olds with a partial seizure Moderate to severe restless leg syndrome (RLS) moderate to severe Dosage Information - Adults and Adolescents Initially, 300 mg PO 3 times per day. May increase using 300, 400, 600, or 800 mg dosage forms PO given 3 times per day. Children 3—12 years (adjunctive Drug Route – Pill Vaginal cream injection (shot) Drug Brand/ Generic Name – Premarin Drug Classification - Estrogens and excluding Hormonal Contraceptives. Drug Indications – Treatment reduces moderate to severe hot flashes. Adult menopausal and postmenopausal females6 Dosage Information - 0.5 grams vaginally once daily for 21 days; then, no treatment for 7 days. May titrate up to 2 grams/day vaginally depending on response. 3
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MO 160: Pathophysiology and Pharmacology treatment) Initially, 10—15 mg/kg/day PO in 3 divided doses; titrate upward to effective dose over a period of 3 days. 4