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BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab
Name:
OL Lab 5: Fluid balance, acid base balance and water balance
Learning Objectives:
Identify the functions and the location of the major fluid compartments of the body
Explain the regulation of water balance in order to maintain homeostasis
Identify the proportions of electrolytes found in the plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid compartments of the body and state their functions.
Describe the major electrolytes in the body, and state their role in electrolyte balance.
Identify the different pH ranges in the body and understand the compensatory mechanism involved to maintain acid-base balance.
Part 1:
1.1 Complete the chart to locate major fluid compartments of the body and state their functions.
(3 points)
Compartments
Function
A
Solids
Provide support, protection, and enable movement.
B
Intracellular fluid Transport nutrients, maintain cell shape, supports metabolic processes
C
Interstitial fluid
Bathes the cells of the body.
D
Extracellular fluid
Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells, removes waste products, regulates body temperature
E
Blood plasma
Maintains blood pressure, pH balance, and body temperature.
BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab
Name:
1.2
Identify the physiological stimulus and responses that regulate water balance in the body.
(5 points)
- A: Dehydration
- B: Low blood volume and pressure
- C: High blood osmolarity
- D: Low saliva production
- E: Increase in stimulation of hypothalamic thirst center
- F: Increase in water intake
BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab
Name:
1.3
Identify the fluid compartments and the major electrolytes in the body to complete the chart.
(5 points)
- A: Na+ Sodium
- B: HCO3 Bicarbonate
- C: Interstitial Fluid
- D: Na+ Sodium
- E: HCO3 Bicarbonate
- F: Na+ Sodium
- G: HCO3 Bicarbonate
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BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab
Name:
1.4 Use the chart provided to complete the table below: (4 points)
pH range Biological significance of the pH
A
Stomach
1.5 pH acidic
Activate enzyme, kill microbes
B
Vaginal fluid
3.5 pH acidic Prevents infection, carries away dead cells and bacteria
C
Uterus
6.3 pH acidic
Overall health indicator D
Saliva
6.5 pH acidic Protects/maintains teeth and mouth
E
Blood
7.4 pH alkaline
Maintains body functions, acid based
F
Semen 7.6 pH alkaline
Motility and quality
G
Pancreatic
Juice
7.8 pH alkaline
HCl neutralizes pH going into duodenum and activates pancreatic digestive enzymes
H
Bile 8.0 pH alkaline
Acids helps in fat digestions of duodenum
BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab
Name:
1.5 Identify the changes in the pH and the H
+
, HCO3
- and CO
2 concentrations to complete the table below: (5 points)
(
*
) Indicate as increases or decreases
H
+
*
HCO
3
- *
CO
2 *
A
Decrease
B
Decrease
Decrease
C
Increase
Increase
Decrease
BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab
Name:
a. In respiratory acidosis, what is the stimulus to initiate the respiratory compensation?
Your kidneys are retaining HCO3 for partial or whole respiratory compensation when your CO2 levels are
low.
b. What are the effectors involved in the compensation during respiratory acidosis?
Renal and Buffer systems
Part 2: Read the case study and answer the questions in your own words and complete sentences: (8 points)
Sam, a 70-year-old man with chronic renal failure, was in for a routine visit at the hospital. Progressive destruction of nephrons leads to chronic renal failure. Sam’s blood work indicated low blood pH taken and potassium levels were outside of the normal range. Sam’s estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 15 mL/min with a high respiratory rate of 20 breaths per minute.
1. What is the normal range for blood potassium concentration? 3.6 – 5.2 mmol/L
2. From which part of the nephron is the majority of excess potassium normally excreted?
The distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
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BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab
Name:
3. Based on your observations, will Sam’s potassium levels be high, normal, or low?
High
4. What are the pH buffers found in the urine?
Phosphate, Ammonia, and Bicarbonate buffer systems. 5. How are H
+ ions transported into the tubular fluid of the kidney?
Secretion.
6. In what form are H
+
ions excreted in the urine?
Ammonium ions (NH4+)
7. Why could be the reason for Sam’s low pH?
Abnormal potassium levels
BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab
Name:
8. Why would Sam have an increase in respiratory rate? How does the increase in respiratory rate help?
Hypoxia, Acidosis, Exercise, and Fever; an increase in respiratory rate serves to improve oxygenation, eliminate excess carbon dioxide, and help regulate body temperature
Grading Rubric:
Activity
Deliverable
Points
Part 1
Complete 1.1 to 1.5
22
Part 2
Case Study- Answer all the questions
8
Total
Complete all lab activities
30
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PART D
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Learning Goal:
To develop the ability to break a frame or machine down
into subsystems and to determine the forces developed
at internal pin connections.
Frames and machines are systems of pin-connected,
multiforce members. Frames are designed to support
loads, whereas machines are designed to transmit or
alter the effects of loads. For a frame or machine to be in
equilibrium, each member of the frame or machine
system must be in equilibrium. Free-body diagrams of the
overall system, as well as individual members, groups of
members, and subsystems, must be drawn.
Figure
B
b
30°
2b
Н.
4 of 4
Submit Previous Answers
✓ Correct
Note that the internal reactions at B are not included in the free-body diagram of the subsystem ABC.
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The tractor shovel shown (Figure 4) carries a 500 kg load that has its center of mass at H. The shovel's dimensions are:
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Structures often use flexible cables to support members and to transmit loads between
structural members. Because a cable's weight is often significantly smaller than the
load it supports, a cable's weight is considered negligible and, therefore, not used in
the analysis.
In this tutorial, cables are assumed to be perfectly flexible and inextensible. Thus, once
the load is applied the geometry of the cable remains fixed and the cable segment can
be treated as a rigid body.
Cables of negligible weight support the loading shown. (Figure 1) If W, = 85.0 N , W, = 510 N, YB = 1.40 m, yc = 2.80 m, yp = 0.700 m, and zc = 0.850 m, find zg.
Express your answer numerically in meters to three significant figures.
> View Available Hint(s)
VO AEoI vec
IB = 2.048
m
Submit
Previous Answers
X Incorrect; Try Again; 4 attempts remaining
Part B Complete previous part(s)
W2
O…
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Changes in momentum happen every time. A fast-moving car when suddenly stopped might have damaging effects not
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A column with a wide-flange section has a flange width b = 200 mm , height h = 200 mm, web thickness tw = 8 mm , and flange
thickness tf = 12 mm (Figure 1). Calculate the stresses at a point 75 mm above the neutral axis if the section supports a tensile
To calculate the normal and shear stresses at a point
on the cross section of a column.
normal force N = 2.9 kN at the centroid, shear force V = 4.6 kN, and bending moment M = 4.8 kN • m as shown (Figure 2).
The state of stress at a point is a description of the
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force and internal bending moment. The net result can
be obtained using the principle of superposition as
long as the deflections remain small and the response
is elastic.
Part A - Normal stress
Calculate the normal stress at the point due to the internal normal force on the section.
Express your answer with appropriate units to three significant figures.
> View…
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To calculate the normal and shear stresses at a point on the cross
section of a column.
A column with a wide-flange section has a flange width b = 250 mm , height k = 250 mm , web thickness to = 9 mm , and flange thickness t; = 14 mm (Figure 1).
Calculate the stresses at a point 65 mm above the neutral axis if the section supports a tensile normal force N = 2 kN at the centroid, shear force V = 5.8 kN , and
bending moment M = 3 kN - m as shown (Figure 2).
The state of stress at a point is a description of the normal and shear
stresses at that point. The normal stresses are generally due to both
internal normal force and internal bending moment. The net result can
be obtained using the principle of superposition as long as the
deflections remain small and the response is elastic.
Part A- Normal stress
Calculate the normal stress at the point due to the internal normal force on the section.
Express your answer with appropriate units to three significant figures.
• View…
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1. Please help me solve this mech. engineering question
arrow_forward
Learning Goal:
To develop the ability to break a frame or machine down
into subsystems and to determine the forces developed
at internal pin connections.
Frames and machines are systems of pin-connected,
multiforce members. Frames are designed to support
loads, whereas machines are designed to transmit or
alter the effects of loads.For
or machine to be in
equilibrium, each member of the frame or machine
system must be in equilibrium. Free-body diagrams of
the overall system, as well as individual members,
groups of members, and subsystems, must be drawn.
Figure
*
B
b
30°
26
E
a-
30°
K
<
H
b
4 of 4
Submit
Previous Answers
Correct
Note that the internal reactions at B are not included in the free-body diagram of the subsystem ABC.
▼ Part D A tractor shovel
-
The tractor shovel shown (Figure 4) carries a 540 kg load that has its center of mass at H. The shovel's dimensions
are: a = 55.0 mm, b = 220 mm, c = 330 mm, d = 110 mm, and e = 385 mm. Find the reaction force at E. Assume
that the…
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a. Restraining features operate continuously…
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Enginooring Mochanics: Sutca (1
Fint Scitester, Firt yoat, Academic yer 2020-2021
Deputtane of Civil Engnoeg
Callege of Engincenng
Lasenaty ut Mis
Cm link on Miodle
Instructor: Dr. Murtada Abass
Mid-term Examination of E113 1 year
2020-2021
Date: March 5, 2021
Time: 20 Minutes
Answer one question only which is
assigned for you only
Your Question is assigned via Mloodle
in Ouizzes Section
Your answer to the question will be
submitted via Zoom
Question: Determine the reactions of the
truss shown in the Figure,
5 KN
lom
A
جميلة محمد
15
کشيش
lom
IDM
Page15
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