week 5 lab

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Western Governors University *

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C785

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Mechanical Engineering

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Apr 3, 2024

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BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab Name: OL Lab 5: Fluid balance, acid base balance and water balance Learning Objectives: Identify the functions and the location of the major fluid compartments of the body Explain the regulation of water balance in order to maintain homeostasis Identify the proportions of electrolytes found in the plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid compartments of the body and state their functions. Describe the major electrolytes in the body, and state their role in electrolyte balance. Identify the different pH ranges in the body and understand the compensatory mechanism involved to maintain acid-base balance. Part 1: 1.1 Complete the chart to locate major fluid compartments of the body and state their functions. (3 points) Compartments Function A Solids Provide support, protection, and enable movement. B Intracellular fluid Transport nutrients, maintain cell shape, supports metabolic processes C Interstitial fluid Bathes the cells of the body. D Extracellular fluid Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells, removes waste products, regulates body temperature E Blood plasma Maintains blood pressure, pH balance, and body temperature.
BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab Name: 1.2 Identify the physiological stimulus and responses that regulate water balance in the body. (5 points) - A: Dehydration - B: Low blood volume and pressure - C: High blood osmolarity - D: Low saliva production - E: Increase in stimulation of hypothalamic thirst center - F: Increase in water intake
BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab Name: 1.3 Identify the fluid compartments and the major electrolytes in the body to complete the chart. (5 points) - A: Na+ Sodium - B: HCO3 Bicarbonate - C: Interstitial Fluid - D: Na+ Sodium - E: HCO3 Bicarbonate - F: Na+ Sodium - G: HCO3 Bicarbonate
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BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab Name: 1.4 Use the chart provided to complete the table below: (4 points) pH range Biological significance of the pH A Stomach 1.5 pH acidic Activate enzyme, kill microbes B Vaginal fluid 3.5 pH acidic Prevents infection, carries away dead cells and bacteria C Uterus 6.3 pH acidic Overall health indicator D Saliva 6.5 pH acidic Protects/maintains teeth and mouth E Blood 7.4 pH alkaline Maintains body functions, acid based F Semen 7.6 pH alkaline Motility and quality G Pancreatic Juice 7.8 pH alkaline HCl neutralizes pH going into duodenum and activates pancreatic digestive enzymes H Bile 8.0 pH alkaline Acids helps in fat digestions of duodenum
BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab Name: 1.5 Identify the changes in the pH and the H + , HCO3 - and CO 2 concentrations to complete the table below: (5 points) ( * ) Indicate as increases or decreases H + * HCO 3 - * CO 2 * A Decrease B Decrease Decrease C Increase Increase Decrease
BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab Name: a. In respiratory acidosis, what is the stimulus to initiate the respiratory compensation? Your kidneys are retaining HCO3 for partial or whole respiratory compensation when your CO2 levels are low. b. What are the effectors involved in the compensation during respiratory acidosis? Renal and Buffer systems Part 2: Read the case study and answer the questions in your own words and complete sentences: (8 points) Sam, a 70-year-old man with chronic renal failure, was in for a routine visit at the hospital. Progressive destruction of nephrons leads to chronic renal failure. Sam’s blood work indicated low blood pH taken and potassium levels were outside of the normal range. Sam’s estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 15 mL/min with a high respiratory rate of 20 breaths per minute. 1. What is the normal range for blood potassium concentration? 3.6 – 5.2 mmol/L 2. From which part of the nephron is the majority of excess potassium normally excreted? The distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
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BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab Name: 3. Based on your observations, will Sam’s potassium levels be high, normal, or low? High 4. What are the pH buffers found in the urine? Phosphate, Ammonia, and Bicarbonate buffer systems. 5. How are H + ions transported into the tubular fluid of the kidney? Secretion. 6. In what form are H + ions excreted in the urine? Ammonium ions (NH4+) 7. Why could be the reason for Sam’s low pH? Abnormal potassium levels
BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab Name: 8. Why would Sam have an increase in respiratory rate? How does the increase in respiratory rate help? Hypoxia, Acidosis, Exercise, and Fever; an increase in respiratory rate serves to improve oxygenation, eliminate excess carbon dioxide, and help regulate body temperature Grading Rubric:   Activity   Deliverable   Points   Part 1 Complete 1.1 to 1.5 22 Part 2 Case Study-  Answer all the questions 8 Total   Complete all lab activities   30