bio265l_document_W06_Worksheet_Respiratory System & Lung Volumes (2)-1 (1) (1)

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Brigham Young University, Idaho *

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Mechanical Engineering

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Dec 6, 2023

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W06 Worksheet: Respiratory System & Lung Volumes Follow the instructions below very carefully. Many of the items in this assignment require reading, or videos, or something else to do. Each question has either a text box that can be filled out or a box that can be checked to show completion. Be sure to type out your answers completely and expand the text boxes if you need the additional space. Question 1 --- 2 points Lung Volumes The process of moving air in and out of the lungs is called ventilation. Air movement is driven by changes in pressure between the lungs and the atmosphere. The ideal gas law describes the relationship between volume and pressure: P = nRT/V (P= pressure; T= absolute temperature; V= volume; n= number of moles of the gas, and R= the universal gas constant). This law demonstrates that the pressure of a gas is inversely related to the volume. That is, in a closed container, if you increase volume, pressure decreases, and if you decrease volume, pressure increases. Think of what happens to the pressure in a syringe if you put your finger over the opening, and then move the plunger back to increase volume or push it forward to decrease volume. In the respiratory system, movements of the respiratory muscles change the volume of the thoracic cavity thus decreasing and increasing pressure and causing air to move between the atmosphere and the lungs. Measurement of the volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs under various conditions can provide information about the functioning and the health of the respiratory system. Spirometry is a technique used to measure various lung volumes and capacities and can also measure ventilation as a function of time. The following definitions should help you through this lab:  Tidal volume (TV): Volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during breathing.  Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): Maximal volume that can be inspired from end-inspiratory level.  Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): Maximal volume that can be exhaled from end-expiratory position.  Vital capacity (VC): Maximal volume expired after maximal inspiration (IRV + TV + ERV).  Residual volume (RV): Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation.  Total lung capacity (TLC): Volume in the lungs at maximal inflation (IRV + TV + ERV + RV).  Forced expiratory volume (1 second) (FEV 1 ): The volume of air exhaled under forced conditions in the first second.

Watch Lung Volumes Explained ( 3:15 mins; Lung Volumes Explained ; links to an external site) that explains the volumes above. Read the article, ” Obstructive and Restrictive Lung Disease ,” (links to an external site) then answer the following questions. In your own words, explain the difference between obstructive and restrictive lung disease. Your answer: Obstructive lung disease involves the difficulty of exhaling air due to lung damage or narrowed airways. Restrictive lung disease involves the inability to fully fill the lungs with air because of factors like lung stiffness that restricts lung expansion. Question 2 --- 1 point How would you expect residual volume to change with obstructive lung disease? Choose one: ☐ Increase <-- ☐ Decrease ☐ Stay pretty much the same Question 3 --- 1 point Your favorite uncle gives you a huge bear hug. He squeezes you hard, and you can hardly breathe. While your uncle is hugging you like this, what type of lung condition is being most closely imitated? ☐ Obstructive ☐ Restrictive <-- Question 4 --- 1 point You would expect a restrictive lung disease to have the greatest effect on which of the following lung volumes?

Choose one: ☐ Tidal volume ☐ Inspiratory reserve volume <-- ☐ Expiratory reserve volume ☐ Residual volume Question 5 --- 1 point Measuring Lung Volumes On-Campus Lab Students Online Students If you are taking the lab on campus, then your teacher will provide you with instructions on how to measure your own lung volumes. If you are taking the lab strictly online, then follow these steps. Watch Calculate Lung Volumes ( 13:13 mins; Transcript ; links to an external site) that goes through the steps of measuring lung volumes on a “Harvard Spirometer.” Download the Lung Volume Assignment (links to an external site) that will allow you to calculate lung volumes from obtained data. What is your tidal volume measurement? (Online students should enter their calculations from the downloaded assignment.) Your answer: About 4 boxes (19mm) 19mm x 30ml = 570ml Question 6 --- 1 point What is your inspiratory reserve volume measurement? (Online students should enter their calculations from the downloaded assignment.) Your answer: 18 boxes x 5mm = 90mm 90mm x 30ml = 2700ml

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Question 7 --- 1 point What is your expiratory reserve volume measurement? (Online students should enter their calculations from the downloaded assignment.) Your answer: About 7 boxes (36mm) 36mm x 30 = 1050ml Question 8 --- 1 point What is your vital capacity measurement? (Online students should enter their calculations from the downloaded assignment.) Your answer: 29 boxes x 5mm = 145mm 145mm x 30ml = 4350ml Question 9 --- 1 point Among adults, the average pulmonary vital capacity decreases with age. Women tend to have smaller volumes than men of the same age and height. As height increases, vital capacity tends to increase. We can take these size and age-related variables into account and use a formula to estimate predicted vital capacity: Male: VC = 0.052H - 0.022A - 3.60 Female: VC = 0.041H - 0.018A - 2.69 VC = vital capacity in liters H = height in centimeters A = age in years

Use this formula from your lab manual and calculate your estimated vital capacity. Students attending lab on campus can measure their own vital capacity. Vital capacity is considered normal if it is within 80% of the predicted VC. * (Those doing the lab strictly online should use the data from the downloaded assignment). What is your estimated vital capacity? Your answer: VC = 0.041(172.72cm) - 0.018(20) - 2.69 VC= 7.08152 - 0.36 - 2.69 VC = 4.03152 liters Question 10 --- 1 point Measuring FEV 1 On Campus Lab Students Online Students If you are taking the lab on campus, then your teacher will provide you with instructions on how to measure your own FEV 1 . You will also need to figure out your FEV 1 / VC ratio. If you are taking the lab strictly online, then follow these steps. Watch FEV1 measurement ( 7:44 mins; Transcript ; links to an external site) that goes through the steps of measuring an FEV 1 on a “Harvard Spirometer.” Download the FEV1 assignment (links to an external site) that will allow you to calculate an FEV 1 and a FEV 1 /VC ratio from obtained data. Answer the following questions: What was your FEV 1 ? (Online students should enter the calculated FEV 1 from the downloaded assignment.) Your answer: 19 boxes x 5 mm = 95mm 95mm x 30 ml = 2850ml Question 11 --- 1 point What was your FEV 1 / VC ratio? (Online students should enter their answer from the downloaded assignment.)

Your answer: FEV1 = 2850 VC = about 31 boxes x 5 = 155 (157 exactly) 157mm x 30ml = 4710 2850/4710 = .60 60% Question 12 --- 2 points Bobbie has severe scoliosis. He has such curvature in his spine that his ribs are folding down and in, and his left lung is nearly collapsed. Bobbie will likely have surgery in the future to correct this problem, but for now, he is trying to keep his respiratory muscles as strong as possible. Bobbie has a normal FEV1 / VC ratio. Explain how this is possible. Your answer: If his ribs are folding in, this would affect Bobbie’s ability to inflate his lungs (restrictive lung disease). Bobbie is still capable of deflating his lungs, or in other words exhaling. This would not have an affect over the FEV1 because it is the amount of air you can breathe out in 1 second, and he can breath out perfectly fine. Question 13 --- 1 point Which of the following muscle groups would benefit Bobbie the most for his breathing problems? Choose one: ☐ External intercostals <-- ☐ Internal intercostals

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☐ External abdominal obliques ☐ Internal abdominal obliques Question 14 --- 2 points The most common cause of death in premature infants is respiratory distress syndrome. What causes this condition in the babies, and how can it be treated? Your answer: This condition most often occurs in infants whose lungs are not fully developed. This condition is when infants can’t produce surfactant (substance that helps reduce surface tension to allow alveoli to inflate). Without surfactant the alveoli are difficult to inflate. Treatment can include administering artificial surfactant until the newborn is able to produce it by themselves. Question 15 --- 1 point If it were possible to do an FEV1 / VC ratio test on an infant struggling with respiratory distress syndrome, what would you expect? ☐ Likely around 80% or higher <-- ☐ Likely under 50% Question 16 --- 2 points Explain your answer for the last question. If the baby has this respiratory distress syndrome, the baby will not be able to breath in, and there will be no air to breath out! This means that the ratio will be close to one becasue there is basically no breathing in or out.

Question 17 --- 3 points Ventilation Ventilation refers to the movement of air in and out of the lungs. In humans, as in all mammals, ventilation occurs by the creation of pressure gradients. Pressure gradients are created by changing thoracic cavity volume. The volume of the thoracic cavity is manipulated by respiratory muscles as well as the elasticity and compliance of lung tissue. Humans are referred to as negative pressure inspirators, because a negative pressure is generated in the lungs in order to “suck” air in. However, there are some occasions when humans get air into the lungs by positive pressure. For example, pressurized air tanks can “push” air into a person's lungs underwater, and this helps overcome the difficulty of expanding the chest cavity under high water pressure that can exist if you are very deep. Also, people who have paralyzed muscles can sometimes be put on “ventilators.” The ventilators used now days create a “positive” pressure that pushes air into a patient’s lung. Watch Boyles Law from Respiratory System ( 1:56 mins; Boyle's Law from Respiratory System Transcript ; links to an external site). Watch ventilation (links to an external site), a video that talks about negative and positive pressure ventilation. If someone is using a ventilator in the hospital, the machine does this through positive pressure ventilation. Can humans or any other animal breath through positive pressure ventilation naturally? Watch the video to find out. You should now understand how a human uses negative pressure to bring air into the lung. Given this understanding, explain two things. First, what would air do relative to the lung if a hole were made on the surface of a person’s lung (i.e., a rib fractured and punctured a lung)? Second, how would air move if a frog’s lung were punctured in the same way (assume that frog lungs do not rely on plural space negative pressure to keep them inflated)? Explain. Your answer: The atmospheric pressure is higher than the intrapleural pressure, this is why our lungs stay inflated. If the lung was punctures, then the barometric (atmospheric) pressure would become equal to the intrapleural pressure and the alveoli would collapse. The pleural pressure being lower than the atmospheric pressure allows for the alveoli to stay inflated. If frog lungs don’t rely on the pleural space negative pressure to keep them inflated, then I would assume that the lungs would not collapse if they were punctured. However, not that there is 2 exit points, the throat and the puncture, I would assume that air now escapes from 2 places when breathing in and out.

Question 18 --- 2 points Is it possible to increase your vital capacity? Defend/support your answer. Your answer: I think with practice, like it said in the video, you could be able to increase your vital capacity. However, if you actually wanted to increase your maximum vital capacity, I believe you would have to increase the size of your thoracic cavity. You could probably increase this capacity though various breathing exercises.

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