week 3 discussion 1

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Mechanical Engineering

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Dec 6, 2023

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Understanding Job Design What is job design, and why is it important? Job design is the process of structuring and organizing tasks, responsibilities, and activities within a job or a role within an organization. It involves determining how tasks are allocated, the order in which they are performed, and the level of autonomy and responsibility given to employees. Job design aims to create efficient, productive, and satisfying jobs for employees while aligning with the organization's goals and objectives. According to our text, the definition of job design is: " Job design involves specifying the content and methods of jobs. Job designers focus on what will be done in a job, who will do the job, how the job will be done, and where the job will be done. The objectives of job design include productivity, safety, and quality of work life" (Stevenson, 2022). What are some of the main advantages and disadvantages of specialization from a management perspective? From a worker's perspective? "The term specialization describes jobs that have a very narrow scope. Examples range from assembly lines to medical specialties. Colleg" (Stevenson, 2022). One of the advantages of job specialization is job satisfaction. Many individuals who have taken the time to acquire the required training and knowledge have had the option of choosing their profession, such as Doctors, Lawyers, and professors. According to (Stevenson, 2022), "The advantage of these highly specialized jobs is that they yield high productivity and relatively low unit costs, and they are largely responsible for the high standard of living that exists today in industrialized nations". The disadvantages of specialized work may be in lower-level jobs where the work can be described as monotonous or boring. Many individuals in these jobs are very dissatisfied with their work. This work typically does not require the individual to have many decision-making responsibilities. These types of specialized work can substantially impact an organization as the frustration can create issues such as absenteeism. Contrast the meanings of the terms job enlargement and job enrichment. What is the purpose of approaches such as job enlargement and job enrichment? Many job designers work to make jobs more interesting and meaningful. They will consider job enlargement, job rotation, and job enrichment to add variety to the workers' job responsibilities.

Job enlargement means giving a worker a larger portion of the total task, also known as horizontal loading. Typically, the work requires the same skill level and responsibility as the original job. The idea is to make the job more interesting by adding the required skills and giving the worker a more recognizable contribution to the overall output(Stevenson,2022). Job enrichment involves increasing the responsibility for planning or coordinating tasks. Enrichment is typically done by allowing the individual to take a Lead or Senior role where they have additional responsibility for the work. The enrichment approach focuses on motivating worker satisfaction(Stevenson,2022). Part 2: The Steps of Production Explain briefly the two main factors that influence process selection and the five basic process types. Process selection involves determining how the manufacturing of goods or provision of services will be structured. It has major implications for capacity planning, the layout of facilities equipment, and the design of work systems. Process selection occurs as a matter of course when new products or services are being planned. However, it also occurs periodically due to technological changes in products or equipment and competitive pressure (Stevenson,2022). According to Stevenson, the two key questions in process selection are: 1. How much variety will the process need to be able to handle? 2. How much volume will the process need to be able to handle Our text (Stevenson, 2022) provides five basic process types: job shop, batch, repetitive, continuous, and project. 1, A job shop usually operates on a relatively small scale. Job ship is generally used when a low volume of high-variety goods or services are needed. Processing is intermittent; work includes small jobs, High flexibility using general-purpose equipment, and skilled workers are important characteristics of a job shop. 2. Batch processing is used when a moderate volume of goods or services is desired and can handle a moderate variety of products or services. The equipment need not be as flexible as in a job shop, but processing is still intermittent. The skill level of workers doesn't need to be as high as in a job shop because there is less variety in the jobs being processed

3. Repetitive. When higher volumes of more standardized goods or services are needed, repetitive processing is used. The standardized output means only slight flexibility of equipment is needed. The skills of workers are generally low. Examples of this type of system include production lines and assembly lines. 4. A continuous system is used when a very high volume of non-discrete, highly standardized output is desired. These systems have almost no variety in output and, hence, no need for equipment flexibility. Workers' skill requirements can range from low to high, depending on the complexity of the system and the expertise that workers need. Generally, if equipment is highly specialized, worker skills can be lower. Examples of non-discrete products made in continuous systems include petroleum products, steel, sugar, flour, and salt. Continuous services include air monitoring, supplying electricity to homes and businesses, and the internet 5. A project is used for nonroutine work with a unique set of objectives to be accomplished in a limited time frame. Examples range from simple to complicated, such as putting on a play, consulting, making a motion picture, launching a new product or service, publishing a book, building a dam, and building a bridge. Equipment flexibility and worker skills can range from low to high Next, outline the steps of production for a product of your choice. After completing the steps, explain how quality is checked during stages of the production process, and any suggested improvements you would make to improve the production process. Production Steps for Making Doughnuts: 1. Ingredient Preparation: - Gather and measure required ingredients such as flour, sugar, yeast, milk, eggs, and flavorings. 2. Dough Mixing: - Combine dry and wet ingredients to form a dough mixture. Use a dough mixer to knead and blend the ingredients thoroughly. 3. Fermentation: - Allow the dough to rest in a warm, humid environment to rise and develop flavor for a specified period. Monitor fermentation time and temperature carefully. 4. Dough Cutting and Shaping:

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- Roll out the dough to a consistent thickness. Use doughnut cutters to shape the dough into rings or spheres. 5. Frying: - Heat cooking oil to the appropriate temperature. Carefully immerse doughnuts in the hot oil until they are golden brown on both sides. Ensure proper oil temperature and cooking time to avoid undercooked or overcooked doughnuts. 6. Glazing or Topping: - Apply glaze, frosting, or toppings per desired flavor and presentation. Ensure uniform coverage and appearance. Source: How Products are Made (How Doughnuts are Made, n.d.). Quality Control During Production: Quality control starts with inspecting the quality of incoming ingredients. It is critical to ensure that flour, eggs, milk, and other raw materials meet specified standards regarding freshness and quality. You must check for consistency and texture at the dough mixing stage and adjust ingredient ratios or mixing time as needed. Fermentation is essential; you must maintain accurate fermentation time and temperature records. This helps ensure doughnut consistency and flavor. The presentation of the finished product is critical; during dough cutting and shaping, ensure that all doughnuts are of uniform size and shape to ensure even cooking. The dough's cooking is the most critical part of the doughnut's production. You must continuously monitor the quality of frying oil, including temperature and cleanliness, to prevent overused or degraded oil from affecting the taste and texture of the doughnuts. To control the frying process, you must monitor the time and temperature. Implementing timers and thermometers to achieve consistent results. Lastly, ensure that glazes, frostings, and toppings meet quality standards and are applied evenly (How Doughnuts are Made, n.d.). Suggested Improvements: Several ways to improve the production of doughnuts is automating the doughnut production process where possible, such as in dough mixing and frying, to reduce human error and ensure consistency. It is also important to implement random quality testing at various stages of production to identify and rectify any deviations from quality standards promptly. A doughnut shop owner would be wise to invest in advanced

temperature control equipment for fermentation, proofing, and frying to maintain precise and consistent temperatures. Training employees in quality control procedures and the importance of consistent doughnut quality is also very important. Maintaining a strong relationship with ingredient suppliers is crucial to ensure a steady supply of high-quality raw materials. References: How doughnut is made - production process, manufacture, making, history, used, processing, structure, product. (n.d.). http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Doughnut.html Stevenson, W. J., (2020). Operations management (14th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.