Blood Pressure and Pulse Determinations Lab

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Reading Area Community College *

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255

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Mechanical Engineering

Date

Dec 6, 2023

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Blood Pressure and Pulse Determinations Lab 1. Using the terms to the right of the diagram, correctly identify each trace, valve closings and openings, and each time period of the cardiac cycle. 1. aortic pressure - I 2. atrial pressure (left) - K 3. ECG - N 4. first heart sound - O 5. second heart sound - P 6. ventricular pressure (left) - G 7. ventricular volume - M 8. aortic (semilunar) valve closes - H 9. aortic (semilunar) valve opens - F 10. AV and semilunar valves are closed (2 letters) - A,E 11. AV valve closes - J 12. AV valve opens. - L 13. ventricular diastole (2 letters) - F,G 14. ventricular systole – C

2. Define the following terms: systole: When the heart muscle contracts. diastole: When the heart muscle relaxes. cardiac cycle: A series of pressure changes that take place within the heart. 3. Answer the following questions concerning events of the cardiac cycle: During which phase of the cardiac cycle are the AV valves opened? Systole Describe the pressure difference that causes the AV valves to open. Atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure, and the AV valves are pushed open. During which phase of the cardiac cycle are the semilunar valves opened? Diastole What event causes the semilunar valves to open? Ventricular systole Are both sets of valves closed during any part of the cycle? If so, when? Yes, during ventricular systole. Are both sets of valves open during any part of the cycle? No During which phase in the cardiac cycle is the pressure in the left ventricle highest? Ventricular ejection phase What event results in the pressure deflection called the dicrotic notch? The aortic pressure increases when the semilunar valve closes. 4. If an individual’s heart rate is 80 beats/min, what is the length of the cardiac cycle? 0.75 s 5. Complete the following statements: The two monosyllables describing the heart sounds are 1. lup dup The first heart sound is a result of closure of the 2. AV valves, whereas the second is a result of closure of the 3 SV valves. The heart chambers that have just been filled when you hear the first heart sound are the 4. ventricles , and the chambers that have just emptied are the 5. Atria. Immediately after the second heart sound, the 6. Ventricle are filling with blood, and the 7. Atria are empty. 6. Define pulse: Alternating surges of pressure in an artery that occur with each beat of the left ventricle. 7. Identify the artery palpated at each of the following pressure points: at the wrist – Radial artery in front of the ear – Facial artery in the groin – Femoral artery on the dorsum of the foot – Dorsalis pedis artery at the side of the neck – Common carotid artery above the medial malleolus – Posterior tibial artery

8. How would you tell by simple observation whether bleeding is arterial or venous? Arterial bleeding happens in spurts while venous bleeding is if the blood is flowing evenly. 9. Define blood pressure: Is the pressure the blood exerts against the inner blood vessel walls. 10. Identify the phase of the cardiac cycle to which each of the following apply: systolic pressure: The pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction. diastolic pressure: The pressure during ventricular relaxation. 11. What is the name of the instrument used to compress the artery and record pressures in the auscultatory method of determining blood pressure? Sphygmomanometer 12. What are sounds of Korotkoff? The indication of the resumption of blood flow into the forearm. What causes the systolic sound? The pressure at which the first soft tapping sounds What causes the disappearance of the sound? Diastolic pressure 13. Describe how blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer. Sphygmomanometer is wrapped around the arm with a stethoscope on the brachial artery. Then it is inflated with air until the artery is closed (sound stops). After that the valve on the cuff is opened slowly and the first sound you hear is audible that is your top number (systolic) and you keep listening until the sound is muffled making this your bottom number (diastolic). 14. Based on what you know about the relative positions of veins and arteries (Exercise 21), how would you expect venous pressures to compare to arterial pressures? Why? They should be much lower because pressure in arteries is dissipated as blood goes through capillaries. 15. What effect do the following have on blood pressure? (Use I to indicate increase and D to indicate decrease.) 1. increased diameter of the arterioles - D 2. increased blood viscosity - I 3. increased cardiac output - I 4. hemorrhage - D 5. arteriosclerosis - I 6. increased pulse rate - I 16. In which position (sitting, reclining, or standing) is the blood pressure normally the highest? The lowest? Highest: standing Lowest: Reclining

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What immediate changes in blood pressure did you observe when the subject stood up after sitting or reclining? Increase in systolic and diastolic pressure. What changes in the blood vessels might account for the change? Change in diameter. After the subject stood for 3 minutes, what changes in blood pressure did you observe? Decreased blood pressure evened out. How do you account for this change? Blood became evenly distributed from heart to body. 17. What was the effect of exercise on blood pressure? On pulse rate? Increased blood pressure and pulse rate. 18. Describe normal skin color and the appearance of the veins in the subject’s forearm before any testing was conducted. Skin was pinkish and veins were hard to see. 19. What changes occurred when the subject emptied the forearm of blood (by raising the arm and making a fist) and the flow was blocked with the cuff? What changes occurred during venous congestion? Hand turned pale but flushed pink when blood was sent back. 20. Explain the mechanism by which mechanical stimulation of the skin produced a flare. Local inflammatory response promoted by chemical mediators or injured tissues causing increased blood flow.