Lab 3 - kinematics & SPT parameters & Kinovea
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APA 2315
LAB 3 - LINEAR KINEMATICS & SPATIOTEMPORAL PARAMETERS
(Total: 52 marks)
*Athletic attire is required for this lab*
OBJECTIVES:
1.
To collect linear kinematic data;
2.
To understand the motion of an object as it relates to time, displacement, and velocity;
3.
To compute velocity data;
4.
To understand the relationship between spatiotemporal parameters;
5.
To apply principles of biomechanics in the analysis of a sprinting trial of an elite runner;
6.
To analyze linear kinematic data defined through video.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Athletic attire, pencil, calculator, 30 m measuring tape, stop watches, pylons, computer equipped with
Kinovea analysis software and Paint software, a smart phone, a tripod.
INTRODUCTION:
Kinematics
is the study of motion without regard to its causes. It encompasses such parameters
as linear and angular displacement, velocity, and acceleration. In this laboratory, you will explore concepts
related to linear kinematics. You will investigate linear motion, which is motion along a straight path.
When analyzing human motion, it is often important to know how movements vary as a function of time.
These movements can be recorded as discrete points in time with the number of points determined by
the recording device employed. For example, video data collected at 30 frames per second provides the
researcher with 30 data points for every second of recorded data.
Once information regarding position and time has been obtained, it is possible to determine the rate of
change of position with respect to time (i.e. velocity) as well as the rate of change of velocity with respect
to time (i.e. acceleration).
Some helpful equations include:
Δ?
𝑣
𝑎𝑣?
=
Δ?
𝑣
𝑎𝑣?
=
(
?
??
−−??
𝑖𝑖
))
(
?
To take it a step further, a stride analysis can be carried out, which gives the researcher
information regarding the gait characteristics of the participant.
Some variables of interest include:
Stride:
•
one motion cycle (“gait cycle”)
•
measured from when a particular foot touches (“heel strike”) or leaves (“toe
-
off”) the ground
until
the same foot
repeats this event
APA 2315
–
Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement
University of Ottawa
2
•
not to be confused with “step” which is measured from when a particular foot touches (“heel
strike”) or leaves (“toe
-
off”) the ground until
the other foot
repeats this event
•
a stride is equal to two steps
Stride Length:
•
distance travelled throughout a stride (toe-to-toe or heel-to-heel), measured in m or cm
•
not to be confused with “step length” which is the distance travelled
(toe-to-toe or heel-to-heel)
from one step to the next
Stride Time:
•
duration of a stride (i.e. time taken to complete one gait cycle), measured in s
•
when using video data: count number of frames during a stride (usually toe-off to toe-off or heel
strike to heel strike), and multiply by the time interval
Stride Rate:
•
the number of strides taken per second
•
the inverse of stride time (i.e. 1/stride time)
•
can also be measured in hertz (cycles per second)
Stride Speed or Velocity:
•
calculated as stride length x stride rate or stride length / stride time
•
in metres per second (m/s)
(Step) Cadence:
•
the number of steps taken per minute
•
calculated as stride rate x 120 (because there are 2 steps per stride and 60 seconds per minute)
•
can also be measured in beats per minute
*For more information, refer to “Introduction to Biomechanics for Human Motion Analysis, 3
rd
Edition”
by D.G.E.Robertson (2013), pp.208-210.
METHODS:
In this lab, you will collect data during a 30 m sprinting trial which takes place outside.
-
One participant will be the runner.
-
Six students holding stopwatches and
stationed at 5 m intervals along the runner’s path
, will
time the runner throughout the sprint.
-
One student will be responsible for indicating the start of the run by holding their arm in the
air then dropping it down while yelling “GO”.
-
One student will count the number of strides taken by the runner from the start to 15 m.
-
One student will count the number of strides taken by the runner from 15 m to 30 m. -
One student will video record the entire run on a smart phone.
Along a 30m straight path, measure 5m intervals and place a pilon at each 5m location. Ask each of your
timers to stand at a pilon. Set up the camera for video recording. The camera should be on the tripod and
set perpendicular to the runner’s path. Make sure the entire run path as well as the person yelling “GO”
are visible in the lens and that nothing is obstructing the view of the run path. Verify the video frame rate
on the smart phone. The default may be 30 frames per second or 60 frames per second. You may need to
look up online how to determine the frame rate for the specific phone being used.
APA 2315
–
Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement
University of Ottawa
3
Each timer will start their stopwatch when the start indicator yells
“GO”
and the runner will also start
sprinting at this time. Timers will
stop recording as the runner’s chest passes their location.
After the sprint
has taken place, Input the time data in Table 1 and the stride data in Table 2.
You can then use the information in Tables 1 and 2 to calculate the following variables and input your
answers in Tables 3 and 4:
•
average velocity over each 5 m interval
(6 marks)
•
average stride length for the first and last 15 m intervals
(2 marks)
•
average stride time for the first and last 15 m intervals
(2 marks)
•
stride rate for the first and last 15 m intervals
(2 marks)
•
average stride velocity for the first and last 15 m intervals
(2 marks)
•
cadence for the first and last 15 m intervals
(2 marks)
Following your data collection
, return to the lab and use video analysis software to analyze two
sporting activities: a collision between two football players, and the video data you collected of your
participant running. All kinematic measures from video will be completed using Kinovea software. This is
a freeware program that is capable of tracking objects or body joints, measuring distances and speeds,
and then exporting this data (among other things).
To complete the video analysis of the football collision:
1.
Open the Kinovea software on the Desktop of the computer in the lab. You can also download this
free software from
www.kinovea.org
to your own laptop (unfortunately, this software is not
compatible with Apple products).
2.
To change the operating language of Kinovea, go to Options > Language and select from the list.
3.
Load the football
video file in Kinovea (“Watch NFL Games LIVE NFL Game Pass –
NFL.com.mp4”
(located on the Desktop and also available for download on Brightspace). To do this, go to File,
select Open Video File and navigate to the correct folder until you find the video clip. Doubleclick
on the clip.
4.
Once the video loads, double click on it to expand the image.
5.
Play the video clip a few times. Locate the collision between Denver player Woodward (#52) and
Oakland player Pryor (#2).
6.
Take note of which parts of their bodies collide.
7.
Select one of the full speed views of the collision then pause the video and determine the moment
when the impact first occurs.
8.
Using the arrow keys on the keyboard, go back five frames. Confirm that you are five frames away
from the collision by moving forward five frames. If the impact just occurs at that moment, you
are on the right track. Go back five frames again.
9.
Locate the tools bar below the video. Hover the mouse arrow over each icon until you locate the
one called “Grid”
, left-
click the icon and select “Perspective Grid”
(it might already be set at
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Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement
University of Ottawa
4
Perspective Grid). Your cursor will have a little grid attached to it. Click anywhere on the video
screen. A grid will appear over your video.
10.
Grab each corner of the grid and align it with visible markers on the football field that are of known
dimensions (e.g. yard lines, hash marks, etc.)
11.
Once your grid is set up, right click on a corner of the grid and select Calibrate.
A new window will
pop open (“Plane Calibration”). Input the known distance for the length and width of your
perspective grid based on the dimensions of an NFL football field. Be sure to convert all
measurements to meters and select “Meters (m)” from the
drop-down menu. Click Apply.
Note: you can also calibrate the space by using the Line tool instead of the Grid tool. Feel free to
try this. The protocol is quite similar. See if you can figure it out.
12.
On the frame where you left off (five frames before the impact) draw a line from the impact
location on each of the two athletes involved in the collision down to the ground. To do this, click
on the Line tool in the tool bar below the video, then click on the impact location for one athlete
and drag the line down to the ground. Try to make the line as vertical as possible.
Repeat for the
other athlete.
13.
Next, draw a line connecting the two ground points between the athletes. Once this new line is
drawn, right-
click on it and select “Display Measure”. The distance between the athletes will
appear, in meters.
14.
Capture a screenshot of the screen with the distance measure, the perspective grid and the 3 lines
all displayed. To do this, press the “Printscreen” button on the keyboard, then press Ctrl + c
to
copy it, open Paint software and paste (Ctrl + v) the image into Paint. You can crop the picture if
you would like but be sure to leave all of the video analysis screen intact. Include a copy of this
screenshot image in your report (Question 4 below).
15.
Calculate the impact velocity in m/s. The frame rate for this video is 25 frames/second. Knowing
that you are calculating the velocity based on five frames of data, first determine the time duration
over the five frames. You can then use this value and the distance measure you displayed on the
video to determine the impact velocity.
16.
Each student in the lab section should carry out the above steps to practice using the software.
To complete the video analysis of the running trial:
1.
Upload your video file to the lab computer or to your laptop (email it to yourself first).
2.
Use Kinovea to determine the time taken to complete each 5m interval of the run as well as the
velocity of your runner during each interval. See if you can figure out how to do this on your own.
You have already calculated this information from the stopwatch data, you will now calculate it
from the video data. Input this information into Table 3.
APA 2315
–
Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement
University of Ottawa
5
RESULTS:
Table 1. Position and time data throughout a 30 m sprint based on stopwatch data.
Displacement (m)
Time (s)
–
Stopwatch data
0
0.00
5
1.18
10
1.71
15
1.89
20
3.23
25
3.62
30
4.27
Table 2. Stride data throughout a 30 m sprint.
Interval
Number of strides
0 m-15 m
5.5
15 m - 30 m
5
Table 3. Average velocity data over the course of a 30 m sprint.
Stopwatch data
Video data
Interval
t (s)
Average velocity (m/s)
t (s)
Average velocity (m/s)
0-5 m
1.81
4.24
1.25
4.00
5-10 m
0.53
9.43
0.75
6.67
10-15 m
0.18
27.78
0.69
7.25
15-20 m
1.34
3.73
0.68
7.35
20-25 m
0.39
12.82
0.59
8.47
25-30 m
0.65
7.69
0.58
8.62
Table 4. Stride data over the course of a 30 m sprint (calculated from stopwatch time data).
Interval
Stride length
(m)
Stride time (s)
Stride rate
(strides/s)
Stride velocity
(m/s)
Cadence
(steps/min)
0-15
2.72
0.34
2.91
5.14
349.2
15-30
3
0.48
2.10
7.14
252
Plot the data using Excel. Make sure the graphs are clearly labeled with dimensions and units.
APA 2315
–
Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement
University of Ottawa
6
a)
On the first graph, plot displacement (Y-axis) with respect to time (X-axis) for the stopwatch and
video data.
(4 marks)
b)
On the second graph, plot the velocity (Y-axis) with respect to time (X-axis) for the stopwatch and
video data.
(4 marks)
DISCUSSION:
(28 marks)
1.
Compare the stopwatch data to the video data. Were the results similar for both methods?
Identify any differences
(2 marks;
1 mark for displacement differences, 1 mark for velocity
differences
)
.
2.
When collecting data, various considerations must be made, such as data collection objectives,
budget, resources, and data quality requirements, among others. In certain cases, a rudimentary
data collection system might be acceptable, whereas in other cases, a more sophisticated data
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Displacement (m)
Time (s)
Displacement
stop watch data
Video data
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
1
2
3
4
5
Velocity (m/s)
Time (s)
average velocity
Average velocity (m/s)
Average velocity (m/s)
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Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement
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collection might be required. The researcher must determine what is appropriate for their data
collection. Consider the advantages and disadvantages of each data collection method used in this
lab. Compare the two methods in terms of data accuracy, ease of use, resource requirements and
cost, data processing speed (i.e. which one gives you data faster?), portability, and versatility.
(6
marks;
0.5 marks for how each system does in each category
)
Stopwatch data collection
Video data collection
Data accuracy
Data not very accurate in terms
of consistent velocity over a given
distance. The velocity based on
stopwatch data seemed less
accurate than video as the data
states the test subject made
various changes or jumps in m/s.
ranging from 4.24 m/s, to 27m/s.
wh
ich doesn’t make too much
sense to be running at that
speed. Increments with
displacement in constrast to time
have inconsistent times as data
show at one point the test
subject ran 5m in 0.18 s, which
doesn’t seem realistic.
Data was much more smooth and
accurate as the velocity remanins in a
consistent range of + 6 m/s.
The data
has no random jumps in velocity. The
displacement data makes much more
sense as the values are much closer in
range.
Ease of use
This portion of the lab was easy
to set up but difficult to execute
as accuracy is easily decreased
due to relying on the human eye
to time when the subject passes
each segment. This ultimately
relies on other factors such as
reaction time, adding more
variables.
With proper directions the software
was not that difficult to use and made
data much more accurate as you can
slow down the frames and be less reliant
on exterior variables such as reaction
time. What made the software difficult
to use was its compatibility with
computers, as it only works for windows.
Resource
requirements
and cost
Resources if the video software
wasn’t available makes this a
cheap experiment. All that was
needed was a few stop watches,
cones, and measuring tape of at
least 30 m.
The software was free to download
making it totally money efficient.
Data processing
speed
As stated previously processing
the speed showed unrealistic
results with random jumps In
velocity, and this was due to the
variable to reaction time accuracy
from 5-6 individuals. Data is quick
Processing the speed data was much
easier as observations can be made and
slowed down to what the human eye
couldn’t do itself. Data was easy to
process as you simply can slow down the
video and pause at the right time. This
APA 2315
–
Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement
University of Ottawa
8
to receive as the experiment is
done in 5 min.
wasn’t as time efficient but not a big
enough difference to make a general
impact.
Portability
The equipment used was not
heavy or difficult to transport by
any means and very easy to set
up. The only issue one may come
across when conducting an
experiment as such, is the
appropriate amount of space
necessary for running 30 m and
placing the camera far back
enough to capture the data.
As the equipment was a software, it is
very portable and simple to access if you
have a computer compatible for the
software.
Versatility
When it comes to using stop
watches, cones and measuring
tape, these tools are very
versatile. In a different
experiement one could use the
measuring tape to measure
height and determine if height
and speed have a correlation.
Depending on one’s imaginatio
n,
many things can be executed.
Considering this is a video software
program it is very versatile for kinematic
experiements. We were able to use the
software for a football game and was
able to translate it over to a velocity
experiment using recorded footage. So
long as the experiment includes footage
with some type of movement, you’re
assessing it is compatible for it.
3.
Answer the following questions using the stopwatch data:
a.
What was the maximum velocity reached by your participant? Would you say that over
the duration of the run, their velocity increased smoothly and continuously?
(1 mark)
The maximum velocity based on the stopwatch data was at 1.89 s (10-15m) which shows a velocoty
at 27.78m/s. The graph displays a mountain like pattern with weird increases and decreases in
velocity.
b.
What was the average velocity over the whole run? Would it be the same over a 100m
sprint? Does average velocity present useful information to a coach?
(2 marks)
The calculated average velocity was set to a approximate 10.94 m/s. Based on the individual and how
trained and conditioned they are, yes it is possible to keep a consistent velocity. However, the average
runner would get tired after reaching their peak causing a huge drop in speed. This data would not be
beneficial to a coach as it is not accurate. Speed often begins slow and as momentum is built you
reach peak velocity. The data shows he reached peak velocity after his first few steps and suddenly
dropped. As an individual who was there the test subject seemed to run at a consistent speed with
no random bursts.
c.
Were there periods of time when the velocity remained constant? In terms of the runner,
what does maintaining a constant velocity mean?
(1 mark)
APA 2315
–
Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement
University of Ottawa
9
As stated previously random jumps in velocity were made, in contrast to the video data where it
remained consistent showing realistic data.
4.
What was the impact speed of the two football players? (Show your work). Include the screenshot
of the analyzed video frame.
(3 marks)
@ 25 frames 1 s = 0.04
1/25 = 0.04 f/s
0.04 f/s x 5 = 0.2s
1.66m / 0.2s
= 8.3m/s
5.
What aspects of a video make it a good candidate for kinematic video analysis?
(3 marks)
•
Consistent Lighting: proper lighting conditions throughout the video help maintain consistent
visibility of objects or body markers.
•
Visible Markers or Reference Points: The presence of markers or reference points (bright orange
cones) aids in tracking and measuring movements accurately.
•
High Frame Rate: A higher frame rate provides more data points per second, allowing for more
precise analysis of motion.
6.
Why is it important to use a perspective grid to calibrate the field of view?
(1 mark)
Using a perspective grid is important for calibrating the field of view because it allows for the accurate
measurement of distances and angles within the video. An inaccurate Perspective can make objects
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Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement
University of Ottawa
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appear larger or smaller depending on their position in the frame, and a perspective grid helps correct for
this inaccuracy. By aligning a grid with the known dimensions to the video's perspective, you can ensure
that measurements made within the video accurately represent realistic distances and angles.
7.
List at least two sources of error with the method of video analysis used for the football video.
(2
marks)
Positional
Error: If the camera is not positioned directly perpendicular to the plane of motion (e.g., the
football field), a positional error can occur. This error can distort the apparent positions of objects and
affect measurements.
Frame Rate Limitations: If the video was recorded at a relatively low frame rate, it may not capture fast
movements accurately, leading to errors in tracking and measurements, especially in high-speed sports
like football.
8.
Sprinting Data from the 2008 Beijing Olympics
(7 marks)
The following graph shows real data for Usain Bolt
–
one of the fastest runners to ever compete.
The data
are plotted along with a best-fit curve.
Except for the first question use the best-fit curve to answer
a)
Use the data table to
determine Bolt’s average speed for the 100 m dash.
(1 mark)
= 10.32m/s
the questions.
Time (s)
Distance (m)
0.000
0.00
0.165
0.00
1.865
2.865
20.0
3.765
30.0
4.635
40.0
5.485
50.0
6.325
60.0
7.145
70.0
7.975
80.0
8.825
90.0
9.685
100.0
APA 2315
–
Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement
University of Ottawa
11
b)
Inspect the graph closely and note that there is a curved section followed by a linear section. Use
a ruler held against the linear section to determine the approximate point in time where the graph
changes from a curve to a line.
(1 mark)
Based on the graph data there is a slight curve from 0.5s
–
1.5 s this is right after the start at you begin
stationary and start with a quick burst. This segment represents that starting push or acceleration.
c)
What is the significance of the curved section? In other words, how was Bolt moving such that the
graph curves upward?
(1 mark)
The curved section of the graph indicates his speed increasing over time, as stated in section b) it
shows is rapid acceleration from rest.
d)
What is the significance of the linear section? In other words, how was Bolt moving such that the
graph is linear?
(1 mark)
The linear section of the graph indicates that Bolt was moving at a constant velocity. In this section,
his speed remained relatively constant over time. This means that after the initial acceleration, he
maintained a steady speed for a portion of the race.
e)
During what interval of time was Bolt’s speed essentially constant and how is this apparent?
(1 mark)
The portion where the speed is not changing significantly, and the slope of the graph is relatively
constant ranges from approximately 2.5s
–
9s
f)
Determine the maximum speed attained by Bolt. This will be the slope of the graph wherever it is
maximized. (Do not use the data table)
(1 mark)
The slope of a velocity-time graph represents acceleration, and the steepest slope corresponds to the
highest speed, this would be at which ever 10 m segments have the shortest time.
Therefore, the max speed attained by bolt is in between 60-70 m
= 12.20 m/s
g)
Determine the speed of Bolt at 2.00 seconds into the race.
(1 mark)
At t = 2s the distance is approximately 11 m therefore his speed is
= 5.5 m/s
*Be sure to include a sample of each calculation you do. Any mathematical answer that doesn’t
include a sample calculation will receive a mark of zero.
***
appendix for calculations is below
APA 2315
–
Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement
University of Ottawa
12
Appendix
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Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement
University of Ottawa
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APA 2315
–
Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement
University of Ottawa
14
APA 2315
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Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement
University of Ottawa
15
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precisely.
o c) The 6 DOF robot can perform more
complex tasks.
o d) All of the above
10. What are some examples of drive technologies
used in robots?
。 a) Hydraulic, pneumatic, and electric
о
b) Gear, belt, and chain drives
o c) Ball screws,…
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Can someone please help me to answer all of the following questions thank you!!
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b) A linear variable displacement transducer (LVDT) senses displacement and indicates a
voltage output, which is linear to the input. Figure 1 shows an LVDT setup used for static
calibration. It uses a micrometre to apply the known displacement and a voltmeter for the
output.
i) Suggest the independent, dependent and extraneous variables in this calibration.
ii) Indicate the basic functional elements of the device in Figure 1 in the form of block
diagram.
10
Micrometer
Fixed mounts
Connector
Excitation
voltage
in
Figure 1
Primary coil
xx_w_
LVDT
E
Output
voltage
10.135
Voltmeter
Secondary coil
Core
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Determine the power generated.
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hp
How long would a 100-W light bulb have to burn to expend the same amount of energy?
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3. Please help me solve all parts to this mech. engineering question
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Part 1: Suppose that our company performs DNA analysis for a law enforcement agency. We currently have 1 machine that are essential to performing the analysis. When an analysis is performed, the machine is in use for half of the day. Thus, each machine of this type can perform at most two DNA analyses per day. Based on past experience, the distribution of analyses needing to be performed on any given day are as follows: (Fill in the table)
Part2: We are considering purchasing a second machine. For each analysis that the machine is in use, we profit 1400$. What is the YEARLY expected value of this new machine ( ASSUME 365 days per year - no weekends or holidays
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Part 1 website: https://ophysics.com/r5.html
PArt 2 website: https://ophysics.com/r3.html
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You are a biomedical engineer working for a small orthopaedic firm that fabricates rectangular shaped fracture
fixation plates from titanium alloy (model = "Ti Fix-It") materials. A recent clinical report documents some problems with the plates
implanted into fractured limbs. Specifically, some plates have become permanently bent while patients are in rehab and doing partial
weight bearing activities.
Your boss asks you to review the technical report that was generated by the previous test engineer (whose job you now have!) and used to
verify the design. The brief report states the following... "Ti Fix-It plates were manufactured from Ti-6Al-4V (grade 5) and machined into
solid 150 mm long beams with a 4 mm thick and 15 mm wide cross section. Each Ti Fix-It plate was loaded in equilibrium in a 4-point bending
test (set-up configuration is provided in drawing below), with an applied load of 1000N. The maximum stress in this set-up was less than the
yield stress for the Ti-6Al-4V…
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Topics:
Statics of Rigid Bodies, Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies, Equilibrium in Two Dimensions, etc.
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If it is INCOMPLETE SOLUTION and there are SHORTCUTS OF SOLUTION, I will rate you with “DISLIKE/DOWNVOTE.”
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