Lab107

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University of Central Oklahoma *

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ENG 3443

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Mechanical Engineering

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Dec 6, 2023

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University of Central Oklahoma Experiment 107 – Energy Loses in Pipes Joshua Jackson Dr. Adnan Al-Ibadi Thursday 1:00 PM 4/4/23

Abstract The objective of this experiment is to investigate the head loss due to friction in the flow of water through a pipe and determine the associated friction factor. This was accomplished by allowing water to flow through the F1-18 pipe friction apparatus and then taking measurements of the head loss shown by the manometer. This head loss was then used, along with the velocity of the water and the length and diameter of the pipe. Experimental Procedure Mount the test rig on the hydraulics bench and, with a spirit level, adjust the feet to ensure that the base plate is horizontal and, hence, the manometers are vertical. Attach a Hoffman clamp to each of the two mercury manometer connecting tubes and close them off. The test rig outlet tube must be held above the bench collection tank. Allow enough space for insertion of a measuring cylinder. Connect the bench supply tube to header tank inflow, run the pump and open the bench valve to allow flow. When out flow occurs from header tank snap connector, attach the test section supply tube to it, ensuring no air is entrapped. When outflow occurs from header tank overflow, fully open the outflow control valve. Slowly open air vents at top of water manometer and allow air to enter until manometer levels reach convenient height, then close air vent. If required, further control of levels can be achieved by use of hand-pump to raise manometer air pressure.

Figure 1: F1-18 Pipe Friction Apparatus.

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The following dimensions from the equipment are used in the appropriate calculations. Length of the test pipe L = 0.500 m. Diameter of the test pipe d = 0.003 m. With the flow control valve fully open, measure the head loss ( h w ) shown by the manometer. Figure 2: Flow control valve fully open.

Determine the flow rate by timed collection and measure the temperature of the collected fluid. The Kinematic Viscosity of Water at Atmospheric Pressure can then be determined from the table provided in appendix 2 of this manual. Repeat this procedure to give at least eight flow rates; the lowest to give h w = 30 mm approximately. Figure 3: Manometer showing head loss.

Results, Data Analysis, and Statistical Analysis After completing the experiment, all of the data was collected and analyzed. The known values in this experiment were the pipe length and diameter, the temperature of the water and the kinematic viscosity, which stayed the same throughout the entire process. These values are shown below in Table 1. L (m) d (m 2 ) Volum e (m 3 ) Time to Collect (s) Temp of water (C) Kin visc (m 2 /s) head loss (m) flow rate (m 2 /s) velocity (m/s) f Re 0.5 0.003 0.002 51.89 20 1.00E- 06 0.163 3.86E- 05 1.29E- 02 1.66 E-03 3.85 E+04 0.5 0.003 0.002 58.74 20 1.00E- 06 0.138 3.40E- 05 1.13E- 02 1.89 E-03 3.39 E+04 0.5 0.003 0.002 57.44 20 1.00E- 06 0.117 3.48E- 05 1.16E- 02 1.84 E-03 3.47 E+04 0.5 0.003 0.002 53.08 20 1.00E- 06 0.089 3.76E- 05 1.25E- 02 1.71 E-03 3.75 E+04 0.5 0.003 0.002 54.04 20 1.00E- 06 0.061 3.70E- 05 1.23E- 02 1.73 E-03 3.69 E+04 0.5 0.003 0.002 53.78 20 1.00E- 06 0.035 3.71E- 05 1.24E- 02 1.73 E-03 3.70 E+04 0.5 0.003 0.002 54.32 20 1.00E- 06 0.016 3.68E- 05 1.23E- 02 1.74 E-03 3.67 E+04 0.5 0.003 0.002 51.97 20 1.00E- 06 0.005 3.85E- 05 1.28E- 02 1.67 E-03 3.84 E+04 Table 1: Energy loss in pipes data collection

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The values that were collected during the experimental procedure were the Time to collect, the head loss and the flow rate. It was found that the time to collect did not depend on the flow rate. When it should be that as the flow rate is decreased, the time to collect will increase. This is most likely due to human error when taking the time to collect 2 liters of water. This also effects the velocity of the water coming out of the flow valve since the velocity was calculated by taking the flow rate and dividing by the cross-sectional area of the pipe. The error was enough to skew the results and can be seen below in the graph of the natural log of the head loss, ln(h), versus the natural log of the velocity, ln(v). Graph 1: ln(h) vs. ln(v) -4.5 -4.48 -4.46 -4.44 -4.42 -4.4 -4.38 -4.36 -4.34 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 ln(h) vs. ln(v)

Even though the flowrate and velocity results had errors, a value for the Moody friction factor and the Reynolds number were still calculated. These values were used to produce a graph of the natural log of the friction factor, ln(f), versus the natural log of the Reynolds number, ln(Re). That graph is shown below. For this graph, there does appear to be a relationship between the two, as ln(f) increases, ln(Re) decreases. This is because the friction factor and the Reynolds number have an inverse relationship. Graph 2: ln(f) vs. ln(Re) 10.42 10.44 10.46 10.48 10.5 10.52 10.54 10.56 10.58 -6.42 -6.4 -6.38 -6.36 -6.34 -6.32 -6.3 -6.28 -6.26 ln(f) vs. ln(Re)

Conclusion In conclusion, the completion of the experiment was a success. The acquired data helped to achieve the objective of the experiment, which was to investigate the head loss due to friction in the flow of water through a pipe and determine the associated friction factor. However, there was some error in the measuring of the time to collect which resulted in incorrect calculations for the flowrate and the velocity. This could have been caused by faulty equipment.

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