Lab105

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University of Central Oklahoma *

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ENG 3443

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Mechanical Engineering

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Dec 6, 2023

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University of Central Oklahoma Experiment 105 Impact of a Jet Joshua Jackson Dr. Adnan Al-Ibadi Thursday 1:00 PM 3/22/23
Abstract The objective of this experiment is to demonstrate and verify the integral momentum equation. This is done by using a force generated by a jet of water being deflected by an impact surface. This force is then measured and compared to the momentum change of the jet. The main findings were that the greater the momentum change of the jet led to a greater force being applied to the impact surface. Experimental Procedure First the three knurled nuts are removed to take off the top plate on the clear acrylic test cylinder. Then the selected target plate is screwed on the end of the vertical shaft in the apparatus. The top plate is then placed back on and the knurled nuts are hand tightened on the top. Figure 1: Top plate removed with deflector attached
The top plate is made to be level and the vertical shaft is free to move while being supported by the spring beneath the weight pan. The position of the weight pan is then zeroed by adjusting the height of the level gauge until it aligns with the datum line on the weight pan. Figure 2: Flow adjusted to align with datum line Now, a weight is placed on the weight pan and the flow of the pump is started. The bench flow control valve is slowly opened until the level is again aligned with the datum line on the weight pam. Make sure to gently oscillate of spin the weight pan during this process to
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make certain that the pan is in fact free to move and is not stuck. At equilibrium, the downward force exerted by the weight is counteracted by the upward force of the water jet on the target plate. Record the values of flowrate and applied weight then increase the weight on the pan and increase the flowrate. Figure 3: 120 degree deflector plate Repeat until you have either covered the range of weight values or have reached the maximum flowrate that can be measured by the flowmeter. Next, change the deflector plate and repeat the procedure. With a vernier caliper measure the diameter of the nozzle then find the cross-sectional area of the jet.
Figure 4: Measuring of nozzle diameter Results, Data Analysis, and Statistical Analysis After completing the experiment, all of the data was collected and analyzed. The known values in this experiment were the nozzle diameter, which stayed the same throughout the entire process, and the deflector angles which changed for each trial. The angles can be found in Table 1 below.
Nozzle diameter (m) Deflector angle Volume collected (m 3 ) Time to collect (s) Weight applied (N) Flowrate (m 3 /s) velocity (m/s) velocity 2 (m 2 /s 2 ) Theoretical weight (N) 0.00781 180 0.002 13.5 0.8829 0.000148 3.09 9.55 0 0.00781 120 0.003 17 0.7358 0.0001764 3.68 13.54 0.3236 0.00781 30 0.003 8.5 0.4905 0.0003529 7.37 54.32 4.84 Table 1: Impact of a Jet Data Collection The 180-degree deflector had the highest applied weight along with the lowest flow rate, followed by the 120-degree deflector. The 180-degree deflector had a weight of 0.8829 (N) in or to counteract the 0.000148 (m 3 /s) flowrate. Next, the 120-degree deflector had a reduced applied weight of 0.7358 (N) while the flowrate was increased to 0.0001764 (m 3 /s). Meaning that the change in momentum was less because a smaller applied weight was needed to counteract the force from the water jet. The 30-degree deflector had the highest flow rate with the lowest applied weight. The weight applied for this deflector was 0.4905 (N) while the flow rate was dramatically increased to 0.0003529 (m 3 /s). This seemed plausible if it was assumed that the greater the momentum change, the greater the force it will exert on a surface. These results, however, do not agree with the theoretical calculations. This could be due to a few things. One being the apparatus was missing a pin which held the weight pan in place. This could have led to inaccurate weight measurements. Another possibility is that there was friction present between the top plate and the shaft on the weight pan. This would have caused the weight pan to get stuck during the measurement for the applied weight.
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Conclusion In conclusion, the completion of the experiment was a success. The acquired data helped to achieve the objective of the experiment, which was to demonstrate the integral momentum equation by using a force generated by a jet on an impact surface compared to the momentum change of the jet. However, the experimental results did match up to the theoretical results. This could have been caused by a few things, such as faulting equipment or forces unaccounted for, which are discussed in more detail in the results.
References [1] Munson, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics., Chapter1, section 1.6
Appendix
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