bio265l_document_W06_Worksheet_Respiratory System & Lung Volumes (2)-1

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Brigham Young University, Idaho *

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Mechanical Engineering

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Oct 30, 2023

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W06 Worksheet: Respiratory System & Lung Volumes Follow the instructions below very carefully. Many of the items in this assignment require reading, or videos, or something else to do. Each question has either a text box that can be filled out or a box that can be checked to show completion. Be sure to type out your answers completely and expand the text boxes if you need the additional space. Question 1 --- 2 points Lung Volumes The process of moving air in and out of the lungs is called ventilation. Air movement is driven by changes in pressure between the lungs and the atmosphere. The ideal gas law describes the relationship between volume and pressure: P = nRT/V (P= pressure; T= absolute temperature; V= volume; n= number of moles of the gas, and R= the universal gas constant). This law demonstrates that the pressure of a gas is inversely related to the volume. That is, in a closed container, if you increase volume, pressure decreases, and if you decrease volume, pressure increases. Think of what happens to the pressure in a syringe if you put your finger over the opening, and then move the plunger back to increase volume or push it forward to decrease volume. In the respiratory system, movements of the respiratory muscles change the volume of the thoracic cavity thus decreasing and increasing pressure and causing air to move between the atmosphere and the lungs. Measurement of the volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs under various conditions can provide information about the functioning and the health of the respiratory system. Spirometry is a technique used to measure various lung volumes and capacities and can also measure ventilation as a function of time. The following definitions should help you through this lab:  Tidal volume (TV): Volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during breathing.  Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): Maximal volume that can be inspired from end-inspiratory level.  Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): Maximal volume that can be exhaled from end-expiratory position.  Vital capacity (VC): Maximal volume expired after maximal inspiration (IRV + TV + ERV).  Residual volume (RV): Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation.  Total lung capacity (TLC): Volume in the lungs at maximal inflation (IRV + TV + ERV + RV).  Forced expiratory volume (1 second) (FEV 1 ): The volume of air exhaled under forced conditions in the first second.

Watch Lung Volumes Explained ( 3:15 mins; Lung Volumes Explained ; links to an external site) that explains the volumes above. Read the article, ” Obstructive and Restrictive Lung Disease ,” (links to an external site) then answer the following questions. In your own words, explain the difference between obstructive and restrictive lung disease. Your answer: Obstructive lung disease is when someone has a hard time exhaling the air in their lungs and restrictive have a hard time expanding their lungs fully to reach lung capacity. Question 2 --- 1 point How would you expect residual volume to change with obstructive lung disease? Choose one: ☒ Increase ☐ Decrease ☐ Stay pretty much the same Question 3 --- 1 point Your favorite uncle gives you a huge bear hug. He squeezes you hard, and you can hardly breathe. While your uncle is hugging you like this, what type of lung condition is being most closely imitated? ☐ Obstructive ☒ Restrictive Question 4 --- 1 point You would expect a restrictive lung disease to have the greatest effect on which of the following lung volumes?

Choose one: ☐ Tidal volume ☒ Inspiratory reserve volume ☐ Expiratory reserve volume ☐ Residual volume Question 5 --- 1 point Measuring Lung Volumes On-Campus Lab Students Online Students If you are taking the lab on campus, then your teacher will provide you with instructions on how to measure your own lung volumes. If you are taking the lab strictly online, then follow these steps. Watch Calculate Lung Volumes ( 13:13 mins; Transcript ; links to an external site) that goes through the steps of measuring lung volumes on a “Harvard Spirometer.” Download the Lung Volume Assignment (links to an external site) that will allow you to calculate lung volumes from obtained data. What is your tidal volume measurement? (Online students should enter their calculations from the downloaded assignment.) Your answer: 510ml Question 6 --- 1 point What is your inspiratory reserve volume measurement? (Online students should enter their calculations from the downloaded assignment.) Your answer: 450ml

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Question 7 --- 1 point What is your expiratory reserve volume measurement? (Online students should enter their calculations from the downloaded assignment.) Your answer: 2000ml Question 8 --- 1 point What is your vital capacity measurement? (Online students should enter their calculations from the downloaded assignment.) Your answer: 3700ml Question 9 --- 1 point Among adults, the average pulmonary vital capacity decreases with age. Women tend to have smaller volumes than men of the same age and height. As height increases, vital capacity tends

to increase. We can take these size and age-related variables into account and use a formula to estimate predicted vital capacity: Male: VC = 0.052H - 0.022A - 3.60 Female: VC = 0.041H - 0.018A - 2.69 VC = vital capacity in liters H = height in centimeters A = age in years Use this formula from your lab manual and calculate your estimated vital capacity. Students attending lab on campus can measure their own vital capacity. Vital capacity is considered normal if it is within 80% of the predicted VC. * (Those doing the lab strictly online should use the data from the downloaded assignment). What is your estimated vital capacity? Your answer: 3700ml Question 10 --- 1 point Measuring FEV 1 On Campus Lab Students Online Students If you are taking the lab on campus, then your teacher will provide you with instructions on how to measure your own FEV 1 . You will also need to figure out your FEV 1 / VC ratio. If you are taking the lab strictly online, then follow these steps. Watch FEV1 measurement ( 7:44 mins; Transcript ; links to an external site) that goes through the steps of measuring an FEV 1 on a “Harvard Spirometer.” Download the FEV1 assignment (links to an external

site) that will allow you to calculate an FEV 1 and a FEV 1 /VC ratio from obtained data. Answer the following questions: What was your FEV 1 ? (Online students should enter the calculated FEV 1 from the downloaded assignment.) Your answer: FEV1 = 3690 Question 11 --- 1 point What was your FEV 1 / VC ratio? (Online students should enter their answer from the downloaded assignment.) Your answer: FEV1/VC = 3690/ 4459 = 78% Question 12 --- 2 points Bobbie has severe scoliosis. He has such curvature in his spine that his ribs are folding down and in, and his left lung is nearly collapsed. Bobbie will likely have surgery in the future to correct this problem, but for now, he is trying to keep his respiratory muscles as strong as possible. Bobbie has a normal FEV1 / VC ratio. Explain how this is possible. Your answer:

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His ribs are restricting his ability to fully inflate his lungs, but are not restricting his ability to deflate his lungs. Question 13 --- 1 point Which of the following muscle groups would benefit Bobbie the most for his breathing problems? Choose one: ☒ External intercostals ☐ Internal intercostals ☐ External abdominal obliques ☐ Internal abdominal obliques Question 14 --- 2 points The most common cause of death in premature infants is respiratory distress syndrome. What causes this condition in the babies, and how can it be treated? Your answer: Respiratory distress syndrome occurs in infants who are at that point incapable of producing a substance known as surfactant. Surfactant is a slippery substance that helps to reduce surface tension to allow alveoli to inflate. Without surfactant, the alveoli collapse and are difficult to re-inflate. This condition occurs most often in premature infants whose lungs are not fully developed. Treatments vary for respiratory distress syndrome. If a premature birth is suspected, a physician may administer corticosteroids to the mother in an attempt to speed up fetal lung development and surfactant production. After birth, an infant may receive breathing and oxygen support from a ventilator or a similar newer treatment known as continuous positive airway pressure. These treatments will likely include artificial surfactant as well until the infant is capable of producing their own supply of surfactant.

Question 15 --- 1 point If it were possible to do an FEV1 / VC ratio test on an infant struggling with respiratory distress syndrome, what would you expect? ☒ Likely around 80% or higher ☐ Likely under 50% Question 16 --- 2 points Explain your answer for the last question. The issue in this case regards inhalation rather than exhalation. The infant would have no problem with exhalation, thus their FEV1 should be normal, at 80% or higher compared to their vital capacity. Their vital capacity itself would likely be lower, as they would have a difficult time inhaling a full amount of air. Question 17 --- 3 points Ventilation Ventilation refers to the movement of air in and out of the lungs. In humans, as in all mammals, ventilation occurs by the creation of pressure gradients. Pressure gradients are created by changing thoracic cavity volume. The volume of the thoracic cavity is manipulated by respiratory muscles as well as the elasticity and compliance of lung tissue. Humans are referred to as negative pressure inspirators, because a negative pressure is generated in the lungs in order to “suck” air in. However, there are some occasions when humans get air into the lungs by positive pressure. For example, pressurized air tanks can “push” air into a person's lungs underwater, and this helps overcome the difficulty of expanding the chest cavity under high water pressure that can exist if you are very deep. Also, people who have paralyzed muscles can sometimes be put on “ventilators.” The ventilators used now days create a “positive” pressure that pushes air into a patient’s lung.

Watch Boyles Law from Respiratory System ( 1:56 mins; Boyle's Law from Respiratory System Transcript ; links to an external site). Watch ventilation (links to an external site), a video that talks about negative and positive pressure ventilation. If someone is using a ventilator in the hospital, the machine does this through positive pressure ventilation. Can humans or any other animal breath through positive pressure ventilation naturally? Watch the video to find out. You should now understand how a human uses negative pressure to bring air into the lung. Given this understanding, explain two things. First, what would air do relative to the lung if a hole were made on the surface of a person’s lung (i.e., a rib fractured and punctured a lung)? Second, how would air move if a frog’s lung were punctured in the same way (assume that frog lungs do not rely on plural space negative pressure to keep them inflated)? Explain. Your answer: If a lung were punctured by a fractured rib, then pleural pressure would become equal to barometric air pressure and the alveoli would collapse. If a frog’s lung was punctured, then the frog's lung would likely still be able to inflate and deflate. However, as the frog inhaled, air would leak out of the puncture wound and into the surrounding environment. Furthermore, as the frog exhaled, air would be released out of both the frog's throat and out of the puncture wound. Question 18 --- 2 points Is it possible to increase your vital capacity? Defend/support your answer. Your answer: Yes, it is possible for an individual to increase their vital capacity. Although humans conduct respiration via negative pressure ventilation, it is possible for them to fill their lungs via positive pressure ventilation. For example, an individual may inhale as much air as they possibly can up to their vital capacity via negative pressure ventilation.

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