POWER ENGINERING PART B EXAM

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Thompson Rivers University *

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Mechanical Engineering

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Feb 20, 2024

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POWER ENGINERING PART B EXAM What is the purpose of the Boiler and Pressure Vessels Legislation in Canada? For safety of life and property.    What area is covered in the CSA B51? Boiler, Pressure Vessel, and Pressure Piping.    The actual day to day duties of seeing that all legislation is carried out will be delegated to _____________. Specific Government, or independent non-profit body.    In British Columbia, the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Safety Program is the responsibility of ______________. Ministry of Community, Aboriginal and Women's Services. (lol)    For any level of Certification, the type of position and plant a Power Engineer may work in is dependent on the __________ of the power plant. Kilowatt.    Name 4 positions that a Power Engineer may become. Chief Engineer, Shift Engineer, Assistant Shift Engineer, and Assistant Engineer.    Public Safety Act is an example of _________? Boiler and Pressure Vessel Act.    The is the purpose of the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Act? For the preservation of life and property by ensuring the best in design, construction, installation, inspection, operation, repairs, alteration and supervision of boilers, pressure vessels and pressure piping systems.    What type of equipments are the only exceptions in which the Acts and Regulations do not apply. -Boilers below a minimum Power Rating. -Pressure vessels of less than a certain internal diameter and operating below a given pressure.

-Refrigeration systems of less than a minimum capacity. -Any boiler, pressure vessel, or pressure piping system that does not constitute a sufficient hazard to require it to be subjected to the act.    True or False? Not all fittings constructed and used within the jurisdiction must be registered in accordance with the regulations. False, all fittings MUST be registered in accordance with the regulations.    What must the Boiler inspector check before he/she issues the first certificate of inspection? He/she must ensure that the boiler is stamped with the jurisdiction's identification number.    Give two examples of an Adopted code. CSA and ASME Codes.    What does CSA B52 cover? Mechanical Refrigeration.    The ASME is divided into __ sections. 9    Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping is under the regulation of ___________. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) B31.3    what does API stand for? American Petroleum Institute.    What does NBBI stand for? National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors.    What is the purpose of stamping a Pressure Vessel after it's inspection of compliance with the NBBI. So that the boiler/pressure vessel can be freely moved across jurisdictions without further testing.   

What are the 3 requirements set by the NBBI for a pressure vessel/boiler to be registered? -It must be constructed using acceptable code (CSA B51) -Manufacturer must have a quality assurance program -A THIRD party must inspect the boiler.    True or False? Once a boiler design has been registered and approved, all boilers built using the same design, without any changes to construction or codes/regulations, are applicable as a registered design. True    What must be submitted to the regulatory authority (BCSafetyAuthority) when a boiler constructed outside of Canada is to be registered in BC? The name of the inspection agency that approved the boiler design in that region.    What does CRN stand for? Canadian Registration Number.    What is the CRN number (after the decimal) for BC, AB, SA? 1,2,3.    CRN 290.469Y. Where was this design first registered? Manitoba.    What does each subsequent number after the decimal in a CRN represent? Other provinces in which it was registered in after the initial registration.    How often must a Quality Control program be submitted and to whom? Once every 5 years, to regulatory authority. (BCSA)    Where in the ASME code will you find information in the initial start up of a new boiler?

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ASME Section VII, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Subsection C2 "Boiler Operation".    True or False? The CSA is a non-profit, independent, private sector for organiation that serves the public, business, and government by developing standards. True (for government exam and Plant theory) FALSE in real life, the books they make cost over $11,000.00 just to have a copy of the codes and regulations. Non-profit my ***.    The committee of representative that works closely with NBBI and CSA B51 consist of _________. (name 3 different parties) -Provincial and territorial Government departments -Boiler and pressure vessel manufacturers -Boiler insurance companies    What is the purpose of CSA B51? To promote safety and uniformity in design, construction, installation, operation, testing, and repair of boilers, pressure vessels, and related equipment.    What sections of the ANSI/ASME covers Piping and Fittings? B31.1 for Power Piping B31.3 for Process Piping    What are the 3 sections that outline the standards that must be followed when completing repairs to existing pressure equipment? -Categories of fittings -Minimum dimensions of blowoff vessels. -Minimum dimensions of blowoff vessels for coil-tube boilers.    What are examples of what Appendices cover? -Development of quality assurance program for defect prevention and in-service reliability. -Guidelines for safety/relief valve repair organizations. -Samples of manufacturer's data report forms for miniature pressure vessels, pressure vessels, water tube boilers, fired process heaters, piping systems;

statutory declaration for registration for fittings; installation report for cast-iron sectional boilers, and repair/alteration report for boilers and pressure vessels.    What does the Technical Committee on Mechanical Refrigeration consist of? -Provincial and Territorial government -Professional Engineers Associations -Refrigerating and air conditioning institutes    What is the purpose of CSA B52? -To provide for the safe design, construction, installation, operation and repair of refrigerating and air conditioning equipment and systems, and related equipment. -To promote uniform requirements among the provinces.    At what pressure Power boilers and what temperature Hot water boilers in which the ASME codes section 1 apply. 103Kpa, 120°C    What section in the ASME code covers the construction of low pressure hot water/steam generating boiler? Section 4 - Rules for construction of Heating Boilers    What does Section 5 of the ASME code cover? Non-destructive Testing. This includes methods of testing defects of heating surfaces, imperfections and fabricated welds. Includes responsibilities, duties, and qualifications for testing.    Where in the ASME would you find information on rules for the care and operation of heating boilers? Power boilers? ASME section 6 ASME section 7    What section in the ASME covers Welding and Brazing Qualifications and procedures?

ASME Section 9.    What does ASME section 8 Div 1 cover? Div 2? Div 3? Rules for construction of Pressure vessels. -Covers the minimum safety requirements on pressure vessels exceeding 103kPa, and any vessels over 152mm. -Covers alternative rules to div 1, ONLY APPLIES TO STATIONARY VESSELS. -Alternative rules for High pressure vessels over 69MPa    What is the General Composition of Air by volume? 21% oxygen 78% nitrogen 1% other    True or False? Sulphur content increases the Heating Value of Air. True    Why is sulphur undesirable in combustion air? It's toxic and corrosive nature.    What are some products of Perfect Combustion? H20,Co2,N2,O2,SO2    Why will there always be more nitrogen than the amount calculated for complete combustion to take place? Because of the nitrogen content in excess Air.    What are the 3 T's for perfect combustion? Time, Turbulence, Temperature. (excess air)    Why is hydrogen undesirable in flue gas? Because Hydrogen is a combustible fuel, meaning discharging hydrogen out the stack is a waste of fuel.    What is the composition of Air by mass? 23%O2 76%N2 1%other

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   When calculating for excess air, is mass used? Or volume? Air composition by mass is used.    How much kg of air makes up 1kg of oxygen? 4.32 Kg of air per kg of oxygen. (23%O2 per kg of air, therefore 1/.23 = 4.32)    What are the 3 combustible elements in any fuel? Hydrogen, Sulphur, and Hydrogen.    What is a Proximate analysis? An analysis performed on solid fuel (eg: coal) to determine the %moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash. -There are 3 tests, one sample is dried in an oven at 105°C for an hour. diff in weight is measured and represents %moisture. -Second sample is heated for 7 minutes in an oxygen free container up to 954°C, diff in weight represents moisture and volatile matter, by subtracting recorded moisture from test 1, %volatile matter is given. -Third sample is heated for 2 hours at 760°C for complete combustion, % ash is recorded -%carbon is 100 subtracted by %moisture, volatile matter, and ash.    What is Ultimate Analysis? An analysis more extensive than proximate analysis, this is done in a laboratory, which includes the analysis of carbon,hydrogen,sulphur,oxygen,nitrogen, and ash content.    What unit is Proximate analysis and ultimate analysis based on? Mass    Why is there more carbon content in ultimate analysis than in proximate analysis. Because there are some carbon in volatile matter, which is than analysed and added to the original carbon content.

   What is calorific value heating value measured in for solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels? kJ/kg for solid and liquid kJ/m^3 for gaseous fuels    What temperature is gaseous fuel volume measured in for the calculation of calorific heating value? 16°C    What are 2 methods of calculating HHV? By burning the fuel in an instrument called a calorimeter Through ultimate analysis in a lab    What is calorimetry? An experimental procedure that measures the amount of heat energy transferred, determining the thermal properties of a substance.    How many decimal place is 1gm of fuel sample weighted to in calorimetry? 4 decimal places.    What pressure is the "bomb" in a calorimeter charged to? 2000-2500kPa.    How much water is placed in the bomb? Generally 2kg.    How long is the bomb placed in water before it is ignited? 5 minutes.    True or False? Higher heating value is measured after the bomb is blown up. True    How and when is Dulong's formula applied?

When you have calculated the results of the ultimate analysis of the fuel.    What are the 4 main groups of Coal classification? Anthracite Bituminous Sub-bituminous Lignite    What are some properties of Anthracite? Expensive, high ignition temperature, burns slowly. High fixed carbon, low volatile matter.(mostly methane) Dark grey and granular    What are some properties of Bituminous? becomes sticky and cohesive after being burned.    What are some properties of Sub-bituminous? High moisture content    What are some properties of Lignite? Dark brown, laminar in structure, often with remnants of woody fibres present.    What are the two grades of fuel oil? Light and medium domestic fuel oil.    For calculations using specific gravity, what is the temperature of water that everything using this unit is based on? 4°C    What is specific gravity usually measured with? Hydrometer    Why is heating value inversely varying to specific gravity? Because as hydrogen content increases, oil becomes lighter.    If you see a white flame inside the burner, what fuel are you burning and why?

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A white flame is usually the result of burning oil, this indicates some solid carbon is burning found in the oil. Lots of white flame = bad strainer.    What are some disadvantage of firing natural gas? -Not as efficient due to hydrogen content. -It is ussually more expensive than the solid and liquid fuel. -Involves larger diameter pipe (schedule 40)    What is biomass fuel? -Fuel source that are or were alive.    What are some contributing factors that made boimass fuel become an viable fuel to use? -An increasing cost of fossil fuels. -Shortages of landfill -Advance technology and the use of co-generation systems.    True or False? Biomass cannot be fired with gas or oil. False, Biomass can be fired in combination with gas, oil, and coal.    What is the maximum moisture content wood waste solid fuel can contain to maintain stable and complete combustion? up to 65% moisture    What is the purpose of Flue gas analysis? -Controlling emission -To ensure it meets the CSA standards -    What unit is flue gas analysis based on? by Volume    True or False? An increase in excess air will decrease the percentage of CO2 in your flue gas analysis. Yes, because an increase in excess air increases the percentage of oxygen in the flue gas analysis.

   What are the maximum content of CO2 on flue gas based on coal, oil, and natural gas? Coal, 19% Oil, 15.5% Natural Gas,12%    Name 3 types of flue gas analysers. Electrochemical Sensors Paramagnetic Sensors Inferred Sensors    How does electrochemical sensors measure flue gas? It measures the potential difference across the 2 electrodes in contact with the flue gas (conductance/resistance), measures O2.    How does Paramagnetic Sensors work? Measures flue Oxygen content by placing nitrogen in 2 spheres and applying motion.    How does inferred sensors work? Uses wave lengths, can measure carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, but not good for flue gas opacity.    What does NOx usually consist of? Nitrous Oxide and Nitrous dioxide.    Nitrogen oxide is __%+ of most NOx formations. 90    What is prompt NOx? NOx that originates from the atmosphere, also known as thermo NOx. (subtracted from flue gas analysis in some cases)    What is Fuel NOx? NOx that is formed from the process of combustion.    What are two ways of reducing NOx formation in a natural gas fired boiler during the process of combustion?

-Restrict the amount of excess air -Reduce the combustion temperature.    What is overfire Air? Air that is supplied above the main combustion area.    What are two ways of reducing NOx formation after the process of combustion? -Through a Non-Catalytic process -Through a Catalytic process    Give the most common example of a non-catalytic process used to reduce NOx after the process of combustion. Addition of Ammonia without a catalyst    Where is ammonia fed into before it reaches the flue gasses in a non-catalytic ammonia injection system? A vaporizer, then mixed with a carrier, then fed into an injection unit.    What is the temperature region of the flue gas in which ammonia is fed into flue gas (non-catalytic). 750-1100°C    What does SCR stand for? (Catalytic) Selective Catalytic Reduction    What is the most common and efficient way to remove NOx from flue gasses after combustion? Through the addition Ammonia in presence of a catalyst.    What range of removal efficiency can a catalytic ammonia injection system remove NOx at? 70%-95%    What is the product of the chemical reaction between ammonia and NOx in a catalytic reaction? Water and Nitrogen   

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What is the best method of reducing the production of sulphuric acid in the flue gas lines? By selecting a fuel with low sulphur content.    What type of systems can be used to reduce the production of sulphuric acid and oxides in the flue gas lines after combustion? Fluidized bed of limestones Calcium sorbent injection    What is the average ranging ash content found in coal? 5%-30%    What is the average ash content found leaving the furnace in these firing methods? Pulverized Coal Cyclone Furnace Stoker Firing Fluidized Bed Furnace Pulverized Coal - 90% Cyclone furnace - 40% Stoker Firing - 40% Fluidized bed - 100%    What is the most common method used to remove solid particulate (Ash) out of the flue gas before emission? Cyclone Separators. (down to 90% efficiency when particulates are very fine)    What is the most efficient method of removing ash after combustion? Baghouse method (99% removal efficiency)    What is the disadvantage of using a Baghouse filter for ash removal? High fan power is required, reducing boiler efficiency.    What type of ash removing method yields a removal efficiency of greater than 95% but higher than 98%? Electrostatic Precipitator   

In an electrostatic Precipitator, the particulates (ash) is _____charged. negatively    What are 3 types of flue gas monitoring? Extraction, close to flue gas Dilution, Long distance In-situ, in flue gas path    What unit does Dulong's formula yield. Calorific Value in MJ/Kg of fuel.    What is the difference between Higher and Lower calorific value. -Higher calorific value is the amount of theoretical heat that can be generator per unit mass of fuel. -Lower calorific value is the HCF minus the amount of heat required to vaporize the amount of water that is produced through the process of combustion.    What section of the ASME covers pressure piping? Chemical (process) Piping? B31.1 and B31.3    ASME and CSA are examples of _______ of codes. adoptions    What is a boiler proper? Anything connected directly to the boiler, without any valves in between.    True or False? ANSI (American National Standards Institute) develops standards to promote safety, and uniform design. False, ANSI does not develop standards, they facilitate it's development by consensus of qualified groups.    What is the most common form of welding in modern boilers? Electric fusion welding   

What is the cheapest type of steal you would find in a power plant? Low carbon steal    What is the highest recommended temperature that carbon steal should be exposed to? 400°C    What type of steal are used for temperatures above 400°C? Alloy steals (eg, Chrome-molybdenum)    What type of steal are used in corrosive processes? Austenitic stainless steels    What is the composition of Austenitic stainless steels? 18% chromium and 8-12%nickel    True or false? By adopting to CSA B-51, you are also using ASME and ASNI codes. True, because CSA B-51 refers to the ASME and ANSI codes.    What are the two purposes that CSA B51 serve? To promote safe design, etc. To promote uniform requirements among the jurisdiction.    What are the two categories of power piping covered in B31.1? Boiler external piping Non-boiler external piping    Give some examples of a boiler external piping. -Piping between stop valve -Piping between Mud Drum and first blow off -Piping between Feed-water isolating valve and steam drum    What is the difference between a boiler proper and a boiler external piping?

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A boiler proper is connected directly to the boiler. Boiler external piping continues where the boiler proper leaves off    What is the maximum size in volume, that a piping system can be used without a registered license? 0.5 cubic meters    How often does a Quality Control program need to be inspected? Every 3 years    What is the most common form of welding found in modern boiler piping? Electric Fusion welding    What temperature is Alloy steel piping commonly used on? Temperatures above 400°C    True or false? Cast Iron is used where shock loading may occur. False, Cast Iron is very brittle, therefore cannot withstand shock loading.    What is shock loading? Any form of sudden load that is applied to a piece of piping with tremendous amounts of force. Eg. Blow-off, turbine nozzles. etc    What is Nodular cast Iron limited to? Pressures of 2410kPa, 232°C    True of False? Most non-ferrous metals contain a high amount of iron. False, Non-ferrous metals contain little to no iron at all.    What are the 3 general methods of connecting piping? -By use of thread or screwed connection -By use of flanges fastened to the pipe ends and bolted together -By the use of welding

   What are some common conditions for the use of threaded piping connections? Generally for piping sizes less than 100mm and for moderate to low pressures.    What are some common conditions for flanged connections? Any piping for pressures up 8400kPa.    What are 3 different type of flanges? Screwed flanges Welded flanges Loose or lapped flanges    What is the best flanges when modifications are taken into consideration? Slip on flanges    What are some advantages of welded connections? -No leakage -Less weight -Lower cost of material -Piping looks neater and easier to insulate -Welded joints give more flexibility to the piping design as the pipes can be joined at practically any angle.    True of False? Piping that are not clearly identified should be examined by a certified pipe fitter before use. False, Piping that are not clearly identified should be rejected.    What the minimum requirements for a fitting to be considered properly identified? Manufacturer's name or trademark Service capacity Listed to their degree of importance    True of False? Plastic piping (PVC) can be used for water and non- flammable liquid piping. True

   What are plastic piping limited to? 1000kPa 60°C    What are the properties of PVC, CPVC, PE, and PP plastic piping? -PVC comes in schedule 40-80, 150mm -CPVC has a higher temperature capacity of 90°C -PE Commonly used for combustibles, eg, fuel gas distribution. -PP is used for sulfur compounds See More

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POWER ENGINERING PART B EXAM

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