WYSK # 6

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School

Resurrection University *

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3050

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Mechanical Engineering

Date

Feb 20, 2024

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docx

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What You Should Know # 6—Week 3 *Instructions : Complete this document either in Word or manually (and scanned) and place in the appropriate drop-box before the start of class (ex. If your class begins at 12:00 pm, submit no later than 11:59). This must be completed in its entirety to receive the allotted participation points. All of this information is found in the Power Point presentations and assigned readings. You must be prepared to discuss this information during the synchronous class session. Format your submission: LastnameFirstinitial_# 6 WYSK.doc or .pdf 1. Ethical frameworks are a primary feature when preparing for a pandemic. Circle one. TRUE 2. Why are ethics an important part of planning for a pandemic or other large natural disaster? It provides a set of standards for behavior that helps us to decide how to act in a range of situations and to explore social equity, health planning, regulatory and ethical dilemmas in responding to a pandemic. 3. What and when was SARS epidemic? What does SARS stand for? (A quick Internet search will help with this answer). What was learned about ethical dilemmas that occurred during that epidemic? 2002-2004 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. First outbreak was identified in China in 11/02. Over 8,000 people from 29 countries were infected and at least 774 died worldwide. The main goals for public health response to a pandemic should be to minimize the negative health impacts such as the number of hospitalizations and deaths and to maintain a functioning society. 4. Name two ways that ethics can contribute to decision-making during an epidemic/pandemic. -Creating a commitment to acting reasonably and with transparency with outcomes. -Ensuring accountability and consistency in responding to a catastrophic event. 5. Name 5 ways that procedural values can assist in decision-making during a pandemic -Inclusiveness: Stakeholders are consulted and views are taken into account and impacts on all groups are considered. -Reasonableness: Decisions should be based on the best available evidence at that time. 1

-Accountability: Those responsible for decisions answer for the decisions they did or did not make. Decisions made in emergency situations must comply with procedural requirements. -Openness and Transparency: Process by which decisions are mad must be publicly accessible and open to scrutiny. -Responsiveness: Should be an opportunity to revisit and revise decisions as new information becomes available. 6. Name 3 ways that substantive values contribute to ethical decision making. Why? Opportunity: A set of conditions that limit barriers. If an individual acts unethically without punishment, they might do so again. Individual factors: Personal moral philosophy, stage of moral development. Motivation, experience, age, or gender can impact decision-making process. Organizational relationships: Individual or corporate priorities in relationships cane be broadened by ethical policies. 7. Name 4 key ethical values and how they are used during an epidemic. -Minimizing harm: Obligation to protect public from serious harm. -Fairness: When healthcare resources may be in short supply, available resources should be distributed fairly, effectively, and in ways that recognize the moral equality of all persons. -Duty to provide care: Alleviating suffering is inherent to all codes of ethics and professional standards for healthcare professionals. -Solidarity: A collaborative approach to pandemics that sets aside conventional ideas of self-interest or territory at every level of society, between individuals, healthcare institutions, government, and nations. 8. What is global governance and how is it a key factor in containment of an epidemic? Global governance provides global public goods, particularly peace and security, justice and mediation systems for conflict, functioning markets, and unified standards for trade and industry. A critical Global Governance perspective helps elucidate how scale matters in relation to the epidemic crisis. The governance of pandemics typically involves collaboration between the WHO, ministries of health, and public health institutions. Some nations have established Centers for Disease Control (CDC) whose role is to monitor transmissible public health events. It provides international support to developing countries, helping them strengthen their capacity to better detect and respond to public health events. 9. How specifically does the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses guide nursing practice during this COVID-19 pandemic? This guidance applies to decisions about care made during 2

extreme circumstances such as those resulting from emergencies, disasters, or pandemics like COVID-19. 10. How can the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses guide practice in response to a pandemic? What are some of the concerns nurses must face? Nurses can find themselves operating in crisis standards of care environments. In such situations, a utilitarian framework usually guides practice decisions and actions with special emphasis on transparency, protection of the public, proportional restriction of individual liberty, and fair stewardship of resources. 11. Under what circumstances might it be appropriate for nurses not to volunteer to respond to the pandemic? If the hospital is understaffed or if there is a lack of PPE leading to an unsafe work environment. 12. Discuss health care ethics as they relate to strategies listed in Chapter 15 that help reduce health care costs. -Regularly communicate with the health and safety committee (or a representative) -Continue health and safety committee meetings at least as often as required by the legislative requirements (bearing in mind that more meetings are recommended during this pandemic situation). If the members are not at the workplace, conference calls or other digital communication methods are acceptable to hold meetings. Remote or off-site meetings are also acceptable if larger spaces are needed to maintain physical distancing -Maintain appropriate records of meetings -Implement policies and programs, in consultation with committees or representatives, that ensure worker safety. These should cover all aspects of occupational health and safety, including infection prevention and control in accordance with minimum standards legislation and the negotiated provisions of collective agreements -Provide health and safety committee members and workers regularly updated information about changes in processes, new cleaning methods, new PPE or other new equipment, etc. -Train workers on any new processes and new equipment that might create hazards for workers, and -Take every reasonable precaution to protect worker health and safety. 13. Describe the benefits of managed care that you read about in chapter 15 (p 278) Good communication is essential to allow others and yourself to understand information more accurately and quickly, this is to avoid conflicts and frustrations. It’s best to discuss with your employer, rather than publicly. 14. The case presentation in Chapter 15 (p 273) on “Rise of Cost in Insulin”. Do you know anyone who has needed to ration or forgo expensive medication? What do you think should be done about this? No, not personally. There needs to be some kind of cap or control on expensive medications somehow. People shouldn’t have to choose between necessary medications and their bills or food. 3

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Pre-Class Activities  Briefly interview 2 people and ask how healthcare reform has impacted their access to healthcare. Be prepared to discuss your findings in class. XCheck box to signify completion  Read the article: Ferraz, M.B. (2015). Health economics, equity, and efficiency: Are we almost there? ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research, 7 , 119–122. https://doi.org/10.2147/CEOR.S78093 Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334313/ . Be prepared to discuss Utilitarian, Libertarian, Communitarian, or Egalitarian distributive tenets in class. Check box to signify completion 4