DISCUSSION WEEK

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University of Maryland *

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NESC506

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Management

Date

Jan 9, 2024

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docx

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Hola clase, perdenen la tardansa en mi participacion en la discussion. Los he leido a todos y cada uno de ustedes han expuesto muy buenas discusiones y puntos al respecto del tema. Ciertamente sabemos que el establecer leyes para conflictos ciberneticos y que el reto que tienen los creadores de leyes para el cyber domain. Es que no hay una entidad encargada de regular este domain internacinoalmente. Cada pais tienen sus propias leyes y elementos que se encargan de regular actos delictivos y a los ciber criminales. Saludos a todos, excelente trabajo cada uno de ustedes exponiento diversos puntos e identificando los problemas que el establecer leyes con relacion a ciber conflictos se refiere. Cierta mente este campo representa un gran problemas para los que establecen las leyes, debido a que no se ha establecido unas leyes intenacionales que reprenden todo este tipo de actos. Aunque si existen leyes en contra de estos ciber conflictos, estas leyes son establecidad por los entes gubernamentales de cada pais, y muchas de estas no se pueden llevar en practica en otros paises. por lo que puede que se preste para diversas interpretaciones, dependiendo del pais o los inviduos, lo que hace mucho mas complejo la determinacion. Greetings class, I hope you are all well and enjoying these important dates with your families. I have greatly enjoyed reading each of your discussions and the important points you brought to the table. Undoubtedly, legal terms in cyberspace do not go hand in hand with the advancements we have had in the cyber world. It is a field that is still in development, this is due to many factors, but in my opinion, it is primarily because we do not have a conglomerate of international laws in which cyberspace can be sheltered. Although there are certain guidelines, each country and individual is governed by different laws, and collaboration between them is not always the most prudent for these types of cases. Because of this, the legal definition of what is considered an act of war is very broad and not specific, and often open to the interpretation of the person who interprets it. But despite all this, there is the Tallinn Manual, which is a guide that compiles various laws to help categorize such cyber conflicts. This guide uses existing laws in armed conflicts to be applied in cyberspace. Some of these parameters include the use of force and armed attack; cyber espionage among others. I think that the definition should be much more specific, so that we can respond promptly and with the necessary alertness to this type of attack. But regardless of whether an international consensus is reached on the definition, international collaboration in this type of crime is crucial to counteract the rapid proliferation of such cyber threats. I believe that the key points that determine whether an act is considered cyber terrorism are if said act causes turmoil and terror to the citizens or the affected sector. Like what recently happened in Sweden with some Russian hacktivists. These activists, motivated by political ideologies, attacked several websites of the Swedish government. This generated great terror among the citizens and the government because it affected various entities including banks, railways, airports, among others. The requirements for cyber terrorism are not specifically defined, just like the act of war. Therefore, these determinations can be broad in that case.

Reference: Keystone-Sda. (2023, November 2). Political motives behind cyberattacks on Swiss government websites. SWI swissinfo.ch . https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/sci-tech/political-motives- behind-cyberattacks-on-swiss-government-websites/48946134 The Tallinn Manual . (n.d.). https://ccdcoe.org/research/tallinn-manual/ United Nations. (n.d.). Towards Cyberpeace: Managing Cyberwar through International cooperation | United Nations . https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/towards- cyberpeace-managing-cyberwar-through-international-cooperation Hello Ron, excellent job expressing your point of view on this topic. I agree with you that this debate is one that takes time and doesn't seem to reach an end soon. I agree with you that the different types of laws that exist in each country, and that often don't go hand in hand with each other, are one of the main problems we face when trying to determine what is considered an act of war. But besides this, the poor communication and collaboration that often exist are another big problem we face. This, coupled with the lack of a global entity that can gather and establish international laws for these types of cases, is a major issue. I think that despite the problems of not having specific international laws, if different

nations collaborated with each other, it would be much more effective in countering these cyber conflicts. How do you think we could achieve better collaborative work among different nations and institutions to improve in this international aspect? Hello Alen, I hope you and your family are doing well. You have certainly presented the discussion of this week very well. As you mention, due to the lack of a clear international specific identification in terms of laws for these cases, the definition of what is considered an act of war is open to different interpretations. We certainly need more laws that are more specific in terms of definition and measures to be taken. And it is not only to avoid taking things out of context, but also to prevent some acts from not being given the importance and promptness they deserve.

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DISCUSSION WEEK

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